endocrine system

Question 1

endocrine

Answer 1

targets a distant cell throughout bloodstream

Question 2

exocrine

Answer 2

secretes enzymes into ducts

Question 3

paracrine

Answer 3

targets nearby cell

Question 4

autocrine

Answer 4

targets itself

Question 5

peptide hormones

Answer 5

bind to surface cell membrane receptor –> receptors start cell signaling pathways via secondary messengers

Question 6

steroids

Answer 6

diffuse plasma membrane and bind receptor in cytoplasm –> hormone + receptor is transported into nucleus to act transcriptionally

Question 7

tyrosine derivatives

Answer 7

thyroid hormones : lipid-solube, bind to receptors in nucleus, and require protein carrier in blood
catecholamines: water-soluble, bind receptors on target tissue, and mainly act via secondary messenger cAMP

Question 8

secondary messengers

Answer 8

• small molecules that pass along signals
• initiated by ligand-receptor binding
• amplify signal strength to target molecules in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  examples: IP3, cAMP, calcium, DAG

Question 9

hypothalamus

Answer 9

1. secretes releasing hormones to anterior pituitary gland
2. APG responds by secreting hormones
3. hypothalamus secretes ADH and oxytocin to be stored in the posterior pituitary gland
4. PPG stores ADH and oxytocin for release

ADH ——> kidneys
oxytocin ——> uterus/mammary gland

Question 10

ACTH

Answer 10

stimulates adrenal cortex –> releases glucocorticoids

Question 11

TSH

Answer 11

stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

Question 12

LH

Answer 12

• stimulates corpus luteum formation in girls
• stimulates interstitial cells of tests to produce testosterone

Question 13

FSH

Answer 13

in women: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen
in men: stimulates seminiferous tubule maturation and sperm production

Question 14

hGH (somatropin)

Answer 14

stimulates bone and muscle growth

Question 15

prolactin

Answer 15

stimulates milk production

Question 16

posterior pituitary

Answer 16

• does not synthesize hormones
• stores ADH and oxytocin for release

Question 17

ADH (vasopressin)

Answer 17

increases reabsorption of water by increasing permeability of nephron’s collecting duct

Question 18

oxytocin

Answer 18

increases strength of uterine contractions; stimulates milk ejection; induces maternal behavior

Question 19

pancreas

Answer 19

• glucagon
• insulin
• somatostatin

Question 20

glucagon

Answer 20

• secreted by Alpha cells, released when energy levels are low
• increased glucose levels in the blood
• stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose
• stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver
• converts stored adipose tissue into blood lipids

Question 21

insulin

Answer 21

• secreted by Beta cells
• anabolic, released when energy levels are high
• decreases glucose levels in blood
• stimulates liver and muscle to store glucose as glycogen

Question 22

somatostatin

Answer 22

• secreted by Delta cells
• inhibits release of insulin and glucagon
• increases nutrient absorption time by decreasing digestive system flow

Question 23

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 23

adrenal medulla
* fight or flight
* converts glycogen to glucose (increase blood level glucose)
* vasoconstrictor to kidneys and bladder
* vasodilator to skeletal muscle, increased heartbeat
* bronchodilation
* prepares body for intense physical activity

Question 24

glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)

Answer 24

adrenal cortex
* raise blood glucose levels
* degrades adipose tissue to use as energy

Question 25

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 25

adrenal cortex
* increases reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys
* causes passive reabsorption of water in nephron which raises blood pressure

Question 26

Which hormones are permeable to the cell membrane?

Answer 26

STEROID hormones
- cortisol
- aldosterone
- testosterone
- estrogen
- progesterone
TYROSINE-DERIVED
- thyroxine
- triiodothyrine

Question 27

hormones produced by thyroid

Answer 27

• thyroxine
• T3
• calcitonin