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immune system Flashcards

1
Q

first line of immune defense

A

physical barriers
EXTERNAL

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2
Q

second line of immune defense

A

innate immunity
INTERNAL

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3
Q

third line of immune defense

A

adaptive immunity
HUMORAL AND CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE

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4
Q

innate immune system

A

first line of defense and generates a rapid, nonspecific immune response

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5
Q

external immunity

A

skin - oily and acidic secretions from sweat glands kill microbes. skin is the first barrier to pathogens and viruses
antimicrobial proteins - lysozyme in saliva and tears break down microbial cell walls
cilia -lines the lungs and sweeps invaders out
gastric juice - stomach acid kills microbes

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6
Q

leukocytes

A

WBCs
come from stem cells in the bone marrow and can differentiate into different types of immune cells

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7
Q

neutrophils

A

function in the destruction of pathogens in infected tissues

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8
Q

monocytes

A

circulate in blood until they move into tissues via diapedesis where they develop into macrophages

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9
Q

macrophages

A

in tissues, they phagocytize cell debris and pathogens and are derived from monocytes

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10
Q

dendritic cells

A

ingest pathogens and stimulate the acquired immune response

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11
Q

mast cells

A

function in an allergic response, inflammatory response, and anaphylaxis (shock)

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12
Q

eosinophils

A

surround and destroy multicellular parasites

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13
Q

basophils

A

release histamine in the inflammatory response and recruited to tissues when needed

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14
Q

NK cells

A

attack abnormal body cells, either tumors or pathogen-infected cells

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15
Q

relative abundance of leukocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. lymphocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. eosinophils
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16
Q

interferons

A

secreted by infected cells that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins to defend against viral infection

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17
Q

cytokines

A

chemical signaling molecules used in the immune response for cell-cell communication

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18
Q

interleukins

A

specific type of cytokine
- IL1 involved in the inflammatory reaction
- IL 2 triggers the adaptive immune response

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19
Q

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A
  • critical to innate immunity
  • key proteins that link innate and acquired immunity
  • innate immune cells have toll-like receptors that recognize molecular patterns that many pathogens have
  • the mechanism involves recognition of the molecular patterns present on the surface of pathogens
  • if they are deactivated, the immune system would be inhibited
20
Q

adaptive immune system

A

specific, third, and last line of immune defense that develops after the body has been attacked. immune response targets specific antigens

21
Q

antigens

A

specific foreign pathogen or molecule that can trigger an immune response

22
Q

epitopes

A

specific part of an antigen to which an antibody binds

23
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that bind to a specific antigen they recognize

24
Q

lymphocyte

A

primary cells of the adaptive immune response and originate in the bone barrow and concentrate in lymphatic tissue such as lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen

25
Q

B cells

A
  • originate and mature in bone marrow
  • activated in response to foreign antigens
  • antibodies are glycoproteins produced by B cells that are specific to an antigen
  • disulfide bonds
26
Q

clonal selection

A

when a foreign antigen activates a B cell, proliferation (expansion of the B cell population) occurs, thus forming daughter B cells

-plasma cells
- memory cells

27
Q

plasma cells

A

B cells that circulate in the blood and release specific free antibodies that dispose of antigens by agglutination, inactivation, opsonization, and lysis

28
Q

memory cells

A

long-lived B cells that store memory of an antigen they have encountered. they then circulate in the body, proliferate, and respond quickly to eliminate subsequent invasion by the same antigen. this secondary response is much faster than the primary response

29
Q

T cells

A

originate in the bone barrow but mature in the thymus, and have antigen receptors

4 types:
1. cytotoxic
2. helper
3. suppressor
4. memory

TIP: if an individual doesn’t have a functioning thymus, they won’t produce T cells

30
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

killer T cells that destroy by releasing perforin protein and via lysis

31
Q

helper T cells

A

stimulate activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells

32
Q

suppressor T cells

A

play a negative feedback role in the immune system

33
Q

memory T cells

A

similar in function to memory B cells

34
Q

humoral response (antibody-mediated response)

A
  • occurs when extracellular pathogens are recognized in the blood or lymph
  • B cells are then stimulated to produce antibodies
  • B cells are critical to the humoral response
35
Q

cell-mediated response

A
  • occurs when an infected cell is recognized and bound by a T cell
  • the T cell then activates other T cells, causing proliferation that leads to lysis of the infected cell
  • T cells are critical to cell-mediated response
36
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A
  • MHC is a collection of glycoproteins that exists on membranes of all body cells
  • immune system differentiates between self and non-self by analyzing the antigens presented on MHCs
  • absence of MHCs would decrease ability to produce a T cell response
  • MHC 1 presents antigens depending on what is on the inside of the cell
  • MHC 2 presents what is found on outside of cell
  • all cells with a nucleus have MHC 1, but only antigen presenting cells have MHC 2
37
Q

antibiotics

A

facilitate human immune responses by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. they are harmful to microorganisms. overuse can lead to vitamin deficiency

38
Q

vaccines

A

build immunity to a specific part of a pathogen by placing a weak end or dead form of the pathogen via a preventative technique

39
Q

divisions of adaptive immunity

A

active and passive

40
Q

active immunity

A

acquired after direct exposure to an infection/vaccine
natural - antibodies transferred from mother to baby
artificial- antibodies given to you via serum injection

41
Q

5 antibodies:

A

Me And Eve Don’t Go

IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
IgG

42
Q

IgM

A

pentamer
first to show up, biggest

43
Q

IgA

A

-dimer
- immunoglobin
- stops attachment of viruses

44
Q

IgE

A

monomer
“Eve has allergies”
histamines and allergies

45
Q

IgD

A

monomer
don’t know much about it

46
Q

IgG

A

“Go”
fetus gets immunity from mom
going from placenta to fetus
monomer

DAT (18 decks)

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