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DAT > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

functional unit of nervous system

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2
Q

neuron structure

A

consists of several dendrites, single branches axon, and cell body (soma)

  • highly specialized
  • cannot divide
  • dependent on glucose
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3
Q

sensory (afferent)

A

receive initial stimulus from environment

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4
Q

association (interneuron)

A

receive input from sensory and sent to motor neurons -make up 99% of body’s neurons

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5
Q

motor (efferent)

A

from brain, stimulate target cells (effectors) to elicit response

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6
Q

dendrites

A

receive information to transfer to cell body

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7
Q

axon hillock

A

site of action potential gradient

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8
Q

axon

A

transfer impulses away from body

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9
Q

glial cells

A

capable of dividing

consist of:
1. oligodendrocytes
2. schwann cells
3. microgalia
4. ependymal cells
5. satellite cells
6. astrocytes

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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin in the CNS

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11
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin in the PNS

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12
Q

microglia

A

CNS phagocytes

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13
Q

ependymal cells

A

circulate cerebrospinal fluid with cilia

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14
Q

satellite cells

A

support cells in PNS

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15
Q

astrocytes

A

physically support CNS neurons; maintain nutrient and mineral balance

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16
Q

myelin sheath

A

act as insulators
separated by Nodes of Ranvier
only vertebrates have myelinated axons

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17
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

utilizes preganglionic and postganglionic axons, various neurotransmitters, and different receptors to act on the effector organs

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18
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • innervates skeletal muscle
  • voluntary or involuntary movements
  • uses ACH at neuromuscular junctions (synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell)
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19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sensory impulses from blood vessels, heart, chest organs, abdomen

sympathetic branch
- fight or flight
- increased blood pressure and heart rate, generation of energy
- inhibition of digestion, urination, and salivary secretion

parasympathetic branch
- rest and digest
- lowered heart rate
- increased digestion, relaxation, and sexual arousal

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20
Q

central nervous system

A
  • contains brain, spinal cord, and interneurons
  • the blood-brain barrier is a blockade of cells that prevents or slows the passage of drugs, ions, and pathogens into the CNS –> permeable to O2, CO2, glucose, and small non-polar molecules
21
Q

Olfactory bulb (forebrain)

A

smell

22
Q

thalamus

A

relay between spinal cord and cerebral cortex

23
Q

hypothalamus

A

visceral functions
sleep, hunger, temperature regulation

24
Q

basal ganglia

A

planning/learning

25
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

26
Q

Limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
behavioral and emotional responses

27
Q

diencephalon subdivision

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

28
Q

pineal gland

A

regulates melatonin and circadium rhythm

29
Q

cerebrum

A

contains cerebral cortex

  1. frontal lobe - attention
  2. parietal lobe - sensory
  3. temporal lobe - sound processing/interpretation
  4. occipital lobe - visual
30
Q

midbrain

A

relay center for visual/auditory impulses
motor control

31
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and coordination

32
Q

brainstem

A

connects cerebrum to spinal cord

pons relay center (cortex + cerebellum)
medulla oblongata

33
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls heart rate and breathing

34
Q

resting potential

A

-70mV with K+ higher inside the cell; Na+ higher outside

35
Q

depolarization

A
  • ion channel opens
  • Na enters and depolarizes axon
  • if the -50mV threshold is reached, an action potential will send Na+ down entire neuron
  • inside becomes more positive
36
Q

repolarization

A
  • going back to resting potential
  • ion channel open, K+ moves out, making inside more negative
37
Q

hyperpolarization

A
  • too much K+ is released
  • membrane potential becomes even more negative than resting
38
Q

refractory period

A

neuron unresponsive to new stimulus until the Na+/K+ pump returns ions to resting potential locations

39
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A
  • maintains resting potential of -70mV using ATP
  • 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in
40
Q

absolute refractory period

A

no additional stimuli can cause a result

41
Q

relative refactory period

A

responds if stimulus is large enough

42
Q

chemoreceptors

A

for taste, smell, blood chemistry

43
Q

transmission across a synapse

A
  1. action potential reaches synaptic region
  2. activates voltage-gated channels for calcium to enter
  3. presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters from synaptic vessels to synaptic cleft
  4. NTs will bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
  5. postsynaptic membrane is either excited or inhibited according to which NT binds
44
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • binds to ACh receptors on post-synaptic membrane for nerve transmission
  • secretion at neuromuscular junctions = contraction or relaxation of muscle (PNS)
  • recycled back to presynaptic vesicle via acetylcholinesterase –> nerve signal terminated; postsynaptic neuron cannot depolarize
45
Q

glutamate

A

most common CNS neurotransmitter in vertebrates; excitatory

46
Q

GABA

A

found in brain; inhibitory

47
Q

glycine

A

found in CNS outside brain; inhibitory

48
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

act in sympathetic nervous system

bronchodilation and vasodilation to lungs and skeletal muscles

vasoconstriction to the digestive system and kidneys

49
Q

if a nerve cell is stimulated below its threshold potential, what would happen

A

an action potential would NOT occur

DAT (18 decks)

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