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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F

Hormones act quickly.

A

False; Hormones travel throughout the body through the bloodstream (take longer to work)

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2
Q

T/F

The endocrine system releases hormones.

A

True

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3
Q

What do most hormones bind to?

A

Bind to receptors on “target” cells.

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4
Q

T/F

Neurotransmitters also bind to receptors on “target” cells

A

True

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5
Q

T/F

In comparison, the Nervous system acts much quicker than the Endocrine system

A

True

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6
Q

Where do Exocrine Glands secrete products into?

A

Secrete products into ducts

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7
Q

T/F

The parotid gland is an example of an endocrine duct.

A

False; exocrine duct

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8
Q

Where does the partotid gland secrete saliva through?

A

Through the stensens duct

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9
Q

Where does the saliva empty into once going through stensens duct?

A

Into the 2nd upper pre molar (oral vestibule)

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10
Q

T/F

The pancreas is an example of an exocrine gland.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the function of the acini cells?

A

Secretes pancreatic enzymes through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum

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12
Q

What is the prtien digesting enzyme within the pancreas?

A

Trypsinogen

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13
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones into?

A

Directly into the interstitial fluid that surrounds them, which diffuse into blood stream through cappillaries to target cells

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14
Q

Give 5 examples of exlusive endocrine glands:

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal
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15
Q

Give 3 examples of endocrine glands that also have additional functions:

(not exculsive)

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Ovaries/testes
  3. Liver
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16
Q

T/F

Hormones are mediator molecules.

A

True

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17
Q

Where do hormones travel?

A

Through the blood stream

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18
Q

What type of cells do hormones affect?

A

Only affect target cells that haave specifi c protien receptors

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19
Q

What are the 2 main classifications of hormones?

A
  1. Soluble in lipids
  2. Soluble in water
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20
Q

What are the 3 main types of hormones that are soluble in lipids?

A
  1. Steriod hormones
  2. Thyroid hormones
  3. Nitric oxide
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21
Q

T/F

Hormones that are soluble in lipids do not need a carrier protien.

A

False; need a carrier protien

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22
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones travel within the blood?

A

They bind to transport protiens in order to circulate within the blood

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23
Q

How do water soluble hormones travel within the blood?

A

They travel freely within the blood

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24
Q

What are the 2 main differences between lipid soluble hormones vs. water soluble hormones?

A
  1. How they travel through the blood stream
  2. How they affect the cell
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25
What are the 3 water soluble hormones?
1. Amine hormones 2. Peptide and protien hormones 3. Eicosanoid hormones
26
Where do lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors?
They pass through the membrane of the cell and bind to receptors within the target cells
27
Where do water soluble hormones bind to receptors?
Bind to receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell
28
What feedback system do most hormones operate on?
A negative feedback system
29
What are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connected by?
The infundibulum
30
What is the endocrine function of the pituitary?
Secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands
31
What does the circle of willis surround?
The sella turcica
32
What is the endocrine function of the hypothalamus?
Secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
33
What are the 2 lobes of the pitutiary gland?
1. Adenohypophysis or anterior pitutiary 2. Neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary
34
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?
Secretes 7 hormones
35
How many hormones does the posterior pituitary make?
None; but releases 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus
36
# T/F The anterior pituitary gland is larger.
True
37
What percentage does the anterior pituitary gland make up of the entire pituitary gland?
75%
38
What are the 7 hormones that the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes?
1. Human Growth Hormone (hGH): 2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 3. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): 4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): 5. Prolactin (PRL): 6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): 7. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
39
What 2 hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 2. Oxytocin
40
What are the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland?
The right and left lateral lobes
41
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea
42
What are the follicular cells stimulated by, and what do they produce?
-Stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary gland -Produce T4 and T3
43
What do the parafollicular cells secrete?
Calcitonin
44
What is the function of calcitonin?
Decreases blood levels of calcium
45
List 3 functions of the thyroid hormones; T3 and T4
1. **Increase basal metabolic rate** 2. Maintain normal body temp 3. Wokrk with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth
46
What is hypothyroidism called in adults?
Myxedema
47
# T\F The thyroid hormones stimulate protien synthesis and increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
True
48
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
1. Fatigue 2. Muscle weakness 3. Delay in growth 4. Memory problems
49
Where are the parathroid glands? How many are there?
-Located at the posterior surace of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland -There are 4
50
What are the 4 glands of the parathyroid glands?
1. Right inferior gland 2. Left inferior gland 3. Right superior gland 4. Left superior gland
51
What do cheif/principle cells secrete and where are they located?
-Located in the parathyroid gland -Release parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium levels
52
# T/F PTH increases calcium levels in the blood.
True
53
# T/F Calcitonin from the throid gland increases calcium levels in the blood.
False; calcitonin from the thyroid gland **decreases** calcium levels in the blood.
54
What is calcitrol?
The active form of vitamin D
55
# T/F The adrenal glands are retroperitoneal.
True
56
What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?
1. Adrenal cortex 2. Adrenal medulla
57
What zones are located within the adrenal cortex?
1. Outer zone 2. Middle zone
58
What does the outer zone of the adrenal cortex secrete?
Secretes mineralcorticoids
59
What does the middle zone of the adrenal cortex secrete?
Secretes glucocorticoids (cortisone and corticosterone)
60
What does the inner zone of the adrenal medulla secrete?
Secretes androgens (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
61
# T/F Aldostrone is a mineralocortoid and is responsible for the steroid hormones.
True
62
# T/F **Steroid hormones are released from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands.**
False; Steroid hormones are released from the adrenal **cortex** of the adrenal glands.
63
What is the adrenal medulla stimulated by?
The sympathetic division of the ANS
64
What type of cells are responsible for the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine within the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells
65
What is one risk assosiated with taking too much steroid hormones?
Softening of the bone
66
# T/F The pancreas is an endocrine organ.
False; the pancreas has both an exocrine and an endocrine function
67
What type of cell is responsible for the exocrine function of the pancreas and what does it travel through?
Acinar cells; they produce digestive enzymes that travel to the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.
68
What are the 2 types of cells that are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas?
1. Alpha cells 2. Beta cells
69
What do alpha cells secrete? What does this substance do?
-Secrete glucagon -Raises blood glucose levels
70
What do the beta cells secrete? What does this substance do?
-Secretes insulin -Lowers blood glucose levels
71
# T/F The endocrine function of the pancrease is based off of a positive feedback system.
False; Negative feedback system
72
Pictures for understanding.
73
What are the effects on the body from long term hyperglycemia?
Nerve damage, kidney damage
74
What are the 4 hormones that are secreted from the ovaries?
1. Estrogen 2. Progestrone 3. Inhibin 4. Relaxin
75
What are the two functions of estrogen?
1. Promotes secondary sex charecteristics 2. Stimulates uterine growth in prep for pregnancy
76
# T/F Progesterone is important for fetal development and triggers menstration.
True
77
What is the function of inhibitin?
Inhibits secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
78
# T/F The function of relaxin is to increase the flexibiity of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy and helps dialate the cervix during labor and delivery.
True
79
What are the 2 hormones secreted from the testes?
1. Testostrone 2. Inhibitin
80
# What hormone has these responsibilities? 1. Fertility 2. Secondary sex charecteristics 3. Development of reproductive tissues during embyronic development.
Testostrone

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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