Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine Grands

Answer 1

Synthesize and secrete chemical substances called hormones directly into the circulatory system

Question 2

Exocrine Glands

Answer 2

Secretes substances transported by ducts (gallbladder)

Question 3

Hypothalamus

Answer 3

The regulatory center of the endocrine system, part of the forebrain, located above the pituitary gland, secretes hormones, regulate the pituitary via negative feedback, ADH/oxytocin

Question 4

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Answer 4

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and LH

Question 5

Hypophyseal Portal System

Answer 5

Releasing hormones can immediately reach the anterior pituitary without first entering the circulatory system

Question 6

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer 6

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid hormones, T3 and T4

Question 7

Growth hormone-releasing (GHRH)

Answer 7

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone

Question 8

Pituitary Gland

Answer 8

Small, trilobed gland at the base of the brain, anterior and posterior, intermediate

Question 9

Infundibulum

Answer 9

Connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland

Question 10

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 10

Synthesizes direct hormones and tropic hormones

Question 11

Tropic Hormones

Answer 11

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 12

Follicle-stimulating (FSH)

Answer 12

Maturation of ovarian follicles, which in turn secrete estrogen, sperm production

Question 13

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 13

Stimulates ovulation and maintenance of the corpus luteum, regulating progesterone secretion, synthesizes testosterone

Question 14

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 14

Stimulates the adrenal cortex for glucocorticoids

Question 15

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 15

Stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones

Question 16

Direct Hormones

Answer 16

Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth hormone, MSH

Question 17

Prolactin

Answer 17

Stimulates milk production

Question 18

Endorphins

Answer 18

Pain-relieving

Question 19

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 19

bone and muscle growth

Question 20

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Answer 20

Sun-inducing darkening of skin

Question 21

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 21

Does not synthesize hormones, stores and releases peptide hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 22

Oxytocin

Answer 22

Uterine contractions, milk secretion

Question 23

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 23

Increases water permeability in the collecting duct of the nephron, promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume, decreases blood osmolarity

Question 24

Adrenal Glands

Answer 24

Top of kidneys, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

Question 25

Corticosteroids

Answer 25

Exert their action by determining which genes are transcribed in the nuclei of their target cells and at what rate

Question 26

Glucocorticoids

Answer 26

Cortisol and cortisone, glucose regulation and protein metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects

Question 27

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 27

Aldosterone regulates plasma levels of sodium and potassium, active reabsorption of sodium

Question 28

Androgens

Answer 28

Male sex hormones

Question 29

Epinephrine

Answer 29

Increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue, increase metabolic rate, fight or flight effect

Question 30

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 30

4 iodine atoms, formed and secreted by the thyroid gland

Question 31

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 31

Five times more potent than T4, Converted from T4

Question 32

Hypothyroidism

Answer 32

Thyroid hormones are under secreted or not secreted at all, slowed heart rate, fatigue, weight gain

Question 33

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 33

Overstimulated, increased metabolic, profuse sweating, weight loss

Question 34

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 34

Four small pea-shaped structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid, secrete PTH, regulate plasma Ca2+ concentration

Question 35

Islets of Langerhans

Answer 35

Small glandular structures where endocrine function is performed (alpha,beta,delta) in Pancreas

Question 36

Alpha cells

Answer 36

Produce and secrete glucagon

Question 37

Beta cells

Answer 37

Produce and secrete insulin

Question 38

Delta cells

Answer 38

Secrete somatostatin

Question 39

Glucagon

Answer 39

Peptide hormone, released when blood glucose levels are low (Pancreas)

Question 40

Insulin

Answer 40

Protein hormone, is secreted in response to high blood glucose concentrations

Question 41

Somatostatin

Answer 41

Blocks the secretion of both insulin and glucagon from adjacent cells

Question 42

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 42

Less common, younger, presence of islet cell antibodies, autoimmune

Question 43

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 43

Most common, older, resistance to insulin, increased hepatic glucose production, obesity

Question 44

Renin

Answer 44

An enzyme that converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen and angiotensin 1 in kidneys

Question 45

EPO (erythropoietin)

Answer 45

Glycoprotein produced in the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production

Question 46

Melatonin

Answer 46

Released by the pineal gland, base of brain, regulation of the circadian rhythms

Question 47

Peptide Hormones

Answer 47

Amino acids, extracellular, stimulates a receptor, dissolves and travels freely, quick onset, short-lived

Question 48

Steroid Hormone

Answer 48

Cholesterol, Intracellular, binds to a receptor, bound to a carrier protein, slow onset, long-lived action