Molecular Genetics

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

Question 2

Nucleotide

Answer 2

Deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 3

Purines

Answer 3

Adenine, Guanine (Larger, two-ring)

Question 4

Pyrimidines

Answer 4

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (1 ring)

Question 5

DNA Directionality

Answer 5

3’ -> 5’

Question 6

T-A

Answer 6

Two hydrogen bonds

Question 7

G-C

Answer 7

Three hydrogen bonds

Question 8

DNA helicase

Answer 8

Breaks the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

Question 9

Replication Fork

Answer 9

Opening in the DNA molecule created by DNA helicase

Question 10

Topoisomerase

Answer 10

Removes the strain by cutting, twisting, rejoining the strands of DNA

Question 11

Replication Bubble

Answer 11

The replication fork passed a portion of DNA, where the two strands are separated

Question 12

DNA polymerase

Answer 12

Reads the parent DNA strand and creates a complementary, antiparallel strand, reads 3’->5’ (creates 5’->3’)

Question 13

Leading strand

Answer 13

3’ end facing toward the replication fork

Question 14

Lagging strand

Answer 14

3’ end facing away from the replication fork

Question 15

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 15

Short fragments of synthesized DNA, joined together by DNA ligase

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

ribose, uracil, single-stranded

Question 17

mRNA

Answer 17

Carries the complement of a DNA sequence

Question 18

tRNA

Answer 18

Recognizes mRNA codon and amino acid

Question 19

rRNA

Answer 19

Ribosomal machinery, most abundant

Question 20

Transcription

Answer 20

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template, promoter region, TATA box, and transcription factors assist

Question 21

Post-transcriptional Processing

Answer 21

Hetero-nuclear RNA (pre-RNA), introns spliced out leaving exons, 5’ guanine cap and 3’ poly-A tail added, leave the nucleus

Question 22

Stop Codons

Answer 22

UAA, UGA, UAG

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

Initiation, elongation, translocation, termination

Question 24

Initiation

Answer 24

Small ribosomal subunits binds, start codon, methionine, complex is bound

Question 25

Elongation

Answer 25

A site (holds), P site (peptide bond formation), E site (expelled)

Question 26

Translocation

Answer 26

Ribosome advances three nucleotides away

Question 27

Post-translational modifications

Answer 27

Phosphorylation, Carboxylation, Glycosylation, Prenylation

Question 28

km

Answer 28

Substrate concentration needed to fill half of the enzyme's active site, assess enzyme affinity for a substrate

Question 29

Higher km

Answer 29

Higher concentration of the substrate to reach 1/2Vmax, lower enzyme affinity

Question 30

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 30

Same Vmax, Higher Km

Question 31

Ligases

Answer 31

Catalyze addition or synthesis reactions, require ATP, joining (ligation)

Question 32

Isomerases

Answer 32

Rearrangement of bonds, oxidoreductase, transferase, lyases

Question 33

Lyases

Answer 33

Cleavage into two molecules, do not require water

Question 34

Hydrolases

Answer 34

Breaking of a compound into two molecules using the addition of water

Question 35

Oxidoreductases

Answer 35

Oxidation-reduction reactions, transfer of electrons, dehydrogenase, reductase

Question 36

Transferases

Answer 36

Movement of a functional group, kinases (ATP)