Endocrine System

Question 1

exocrine glands

Answer 1

ducted glands that carry secretions to point of action

Question 2

endocrine glands (2)

Answer 2

• ductless glands secrete into fluid filled extracellular space
• secreted product diffuses into lymphatics or blood vessels and carried through out body to place of action

Question 3

hormones

Answer 3

biochemical function of secretory cells of endocrine gland/tissue which affects function of another cell

Question 4

hormonal influence is dependent on? (2)

Answer 4

• specific hormone receptor binding interaction

- only affects specific target cells

Question 5

steroid hormones (2)

Answer 5

• lipid based

- synthesized from cholesterol molecules in SMOOTH ER

Question 6

non steroid hormones (3)

Answer 6

• synthesized from amino acids in ROUGH ER
• lipophobic molecule cannot diffuse across cell membrane
• located outer surface of cell membrane

Question 7

prostaglandins (2)

Answer 7

• lipid based synthesized from fatty acids

- biochemical mediators produced by any cell in body (not erythrocytes)

Question 8

neuro/endocrine system differences

Answer 8

hormones:

• slow acting
• long lasting
• widely influential (may affect nearly all body cells)

Question 9

what is hormonal regulation most often under governance of?

Answer 9

negative feedback loop

Question 10

negative feedback loop is?

Answer 10

stability

if loops REVERSES the original stimulus, system is negative feedback

Question 11

positive feedback loop is? (3)

Answer 11

• explosive*
• if loop ENHANCES original stimulus, system is positive feedback
• produce unstable conditions
• often shut off by mechanism outside system

Question 12

manners of control utilizing feed back loops (3)

Answer 12

• hypothalamic control
• nervous system control
• changes in blood composition/concentration control

Question 13

location/structure: pituitary gland (4)

Answer 13

• bilobed/pea shaped
• found at base of brain in sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
• suspended from hypothalamus by infundibulum
• hypophyseal portal veins

Question 14

hypothalamus control over pituitary gland (2)

Answer 14

• anterior pituitary hormones governed by neurosecretory cells secreted by hypothalamus.
• hormones travel directly to anterior pituitary gland via hypophyseal portal vein

Question 15

anterior lobe of pituitary gland (2)

Answer 15

• larger anterior portion %75

- 5 types secretory epithelial tissue

Question 16

posterior lobe of pituitary gland (2)

Answer 16

• smaller posterior %25

- pituicytes and neural tissue

Question 17

function grow hormone (hGH, somatotropin)

Answer 17

hGH stimulates body growth/increases aspects of metabolism

anterior pituitary

Question 18

prolactin (PRL)

Answer 18

with other hormones, initiates/sustains milk production by females developed mammary glands

Question 19

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 19

stimulates synthesis/secretion of two hormones produced by thyroid gland (T3,T4)

Question 20

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 20

• regulates production/secretion of adrenal gland’s cortical hormones
• melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) governs skin pigmentation/brain activity

Question 21

oxytocin (OT)

Answer 21

• enhances smooth muscle contractions in wall of uterus during delivery/softens symphysis pubis
• stimulates milk ejection

Question 22

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) (3)

Answer 22

• decreases urine production by returning more water to blood stream
• absence of ADH pot. results in urine output increasing 10 fold
• elevates blood pressure by decreasing water loss

Question 23

location/structure: thyroid gland (2)

Answer 23

• richly vascularized

- inferior to thyroid cartilage of larynx/anterior to trachea

Question 24

thyroid follicles

Answer 24

spherical sacs whose follicular cells are responsible for synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 25

function of thyroid hormones (3)

Answer 25

- regulate oxygen use and basal metabolic rate (BMR) - increase BMR by increasing rate of carbs, protein and lipid metabolism - stimulates protein synthesis and use of fatty acids/glucose for ATP production

Question 26

action of thyroid hormone calcitonin CT (2)

Answer 26

- decreases high blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts - negative feed back loop

Question 27

parathyroid hormones (2)

Answer 27

- posterior surface of each lateral thyroid lobe superiorly and inferiorly - 2 each lobe, 4 total

Question 28

function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) (2)

Answer 28

- regulator of calcium homeostasis | - increases number/activity of osteoclasts stimulating bone reabsorption

Question 29

structure/function: adrenal glands (2)

Answer 29

- richly vascularized pyramid shaped | - located superior portion of kidneys

Question 30

adrenal medulla (2)

Answer 30

- smaller centrally located composed of modified sympathetic ganglion - synthesizes catecholamines that intensify sympathetic ANS fight or flight response (prepares body for energy expending activity)

Question 31

adrenal cortex (2)

Answer 31

- larger peripheral region encircles medulla | - glomerulosa responsible for synthesis of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Question 32

glucocorticoids (2)

Answer 32

- adrenal cortex: fasciculata | - steroid hormones regulating metabolism/resistance to stress (cortisol)

Question 33

mineralocorticoids (2)

Answer 33

- adrenal cortex: glomerulosa | - aldosterone: increases sodium absorption/potassium excretion raising blood pressure

Question 34

androgens (2)

Answer 34

- weak steroid hormones affecting early developmental physiology/aspects of reproduction - most significant prepubescent/postmenopausal years

Question 35

pancreas (2)

Answer 35

- digestive organ serving endocrine and exocrine functions - posterior to stomach, connected to digestive tract by ducts - %99 exocrine cluster cells - %1 endocrine pancreatic islets

Question 36

pancreas endocrine cells

Answer 36

- Alpha A cells: synthesize/secrete glucagon | - Beta B cells: synthesize/secrete insulin

Question 37

function of glucagon

Answer 37

- elevate low blood glucose levels | - acts on liver cells

Question 38

function of insulin

Answer 38

-decrease high blood glucose levels

Question 39

pineal gland (3)

Answer 39

- attached to thalamus - secretes melatonin in response to retina stimulation - established bodies biological clock

Question 40

pituitary gland: diabetes insipidus (DI)

Answer 40

- dehydration due to excessive urine formation attributed to ADH deficiency/hypo-secretion - high volumes of urine

Question 41

pituitary gland: pituitary dwarfism

Answer 41

abnormally slow growth/short stature with normal body proportions

Question 42

pituitary gland: pituitary gigantism

Answer 42

abnormally rapid growth/tall stature with normal body proportions

Question 43

pituitary gland: acromegaly

Answer 43

abnormal enlargement of extremities due to hyper secretion of hGH during adulthood

Question 44

thyroid gland: graves disease (hyperthyroidism)

Answer 44

autoimmune condition body produces antibodies that mimic action of TSH, leading to hyper stimulation, goiter, elevated BMR

Question 45

pancreas: diabetes mellitus

Answer 45

inability to produce/utilize insulin, leading to excessive blood glucose levels

Question 46

adrenal glands: addison disease

Answer 46

- hyposecretory condition of adrenal cortex | - decreased release of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

Question 47

cushings syndrome

Answer 47

excessive cortisol release attributed to adrenal adenoma