Respiratory System

Question 1

functions (5)

Answer 1

• respiration
• phonation
• olfactory stimulation
• preparation of inspired air
• waste excretion

Question 2

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 2

• movement of air into and out of lungs

- physical act of breathing

Question 3

hemoglobin

Answer 3

• pigmented protein found in RBC

- binds/transports oxygen

Question 4

upper respiratory tract (4)

Answer 4

• nose
• nasal cavity
• sinuses
• pharynx

Question 5

lower respiratory tract (4)

Answer 5

• larynx
• trachea
• bronchial tree
• lungs

Question 6

3 specialized function of nares (nose)

Answer 6

• gateway

- warms, humidifies, filters

Question 7

paranasal sinuses (4)

Answer 7

• ethmoid
• sphenoid
• maxillae
• frontal bones

Question 8

pharynx (2)

Answer 8

• hollow, tubelike structure

- extends from nares to larynx/esophagus

Question 9

larynx (adams apple/voice box) (4)

Answer 9

• muscular cartilaginous structure
• gateway to lower respiratory tract
• 9 cartilage plates bound by ligaments
• 3 large single plates (epiglottic, cricoid, thyroid)

Question 10

glottis

Answer 10

-part of larynx

Question 11

epiglottis (2)

Answer 11

• leaf-shaped plate of elastic cartilage

- covers glottis during swallowing preventing aspiration

Question 12

true vocal cords

Answer 12

-part of larynx

Question 13

trachea

Answer 13

windpipe

Question 14

tracheotomy

Answer 14

incision to establish alternate air pathway

Question 15

bronchial tree

Answer 15

• primal bronchi: divides into R/L primary bronchi
• secondary lobar: serve lobe of lung
• tertiary (segmental): 8-10

Question 16

alveoli (3)

Answer 16

• individual functional unit of lung
• microscopic sacs arranged in bunches
• increase surface area for gas exchange to occur

Question 17

surfactant

Answer 17

lipoprotein substance secreted by cells to prevent lung collapse

Question 18

characteristics of brachial tree

Answer 18

• epithelium: epithelial lining thins
• cartilaginous support: gradually diminishes
• smooth muscle: become more prominent

Question 19

lungs

Answer 19

• essential organs of respiration

- bilaterally located to mediastinum

Question 20

apex of lung

Answer 20

superior most, pointed portion of lung

Question 21

base of lung

Answer 21

inferior most, flat portion of lung

Question 22

hilum of lung

Answer 22

entrance/exit of primary root

Question 23

function of lung membranes

Answer 23

interaction allows lung expansion while reducing friction

Question 24

parietal pleura

Answer 24

lines inner surface of chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum

Question 25

visceral pleura

Answer 25

adherent too/completely lines outer surface of each lung (viscera=organ)

Question 26

partial pressure

Answer 26

- daltons law: mixture of gases, each gas exerts own pressure as if other gases were not present - pressure of each specific gas in mixture known as partial pressure

Question 27

muscles of quiet INSPIRATION

Answer 27

-result of contraction primary muscles: diaphragm, external intercostals

Question 28

muscles of quiet EXPIRATION

Answer 28

-entirely passive process requiring NO MUSCLES

Question 29

nervous control

Answer 29

-groups of neurons located in medulla oblongata

Question 30

medullary respiratory (3)

Answer 30

- dorsal & ventral respiratory groups - established basal breathing rate - ventral group active during quiet breathing

Question 31

pneumotaxic area

Answer 31

-increases breathing rate

Question 32

apneustic area

Answer 32

-decreased breathing rate

Question 33

what primarily regulates breathing rate?

Answer 33

blood hydrogen ion levels

Question 34

central chemoreceptors

Answer 34

- medulla oblongata - sense blood carbon dioxide levels - monitors hydrogen ion levels in cerebrospinal fluid

Question 35

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 35

- carotid & aortic bodies | - sense blood oxygen levels by monitoring passing blood

Question 36

respiratory volumes

Answer 36

total lung volume

Question 37

tidal volume

Answer 37

air the enters or exits lungs during single respiratory cycle of quiet breathing

Question 38

vital capacity (3)

Answer 38

sum of: - tidal volum - inspiratory reserve volume - expiratory reserve volume

Question 39

hyper-ventiation

Answer 39

increased respiratory rate

Question 40

apnea

Answer 40

temporary cessation of breathing

Question 41

dyspnea

Answer 41

difficult, painful or labored breathing

Question 42

bradypnea

Answer 42

abnormally slow breathing rate

Question 43

hypoxia

Answer 43

deficiency of oxygen at tissue level

Question 44

cyanosis

Answer 44

blue/gray discoloration of skin from low blood concentration of oxygen