Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
functions of the nervous system (3)
A
- sensory function: sense changes in intern an external environments
- integrative function: analyzes/stores information; makes decisions based upon info
- motor function: responds to stimuli
2
Q
nervous system cell types
A
- NEURON
1. unable to undergo mitosis
2. generate/conduct impulses - NEUROGLIA
1. support/nurture/protect neurons
2. capable of mitosis
3
Q
parts of central nervous system (2)
A
- brain
- spinal cord
4
Q
parts/function of peripheral nervous system (4)
A
- cranial(12)/spinal nerves(31)
- serves as the “wires” for CNS
- sensory and motor function
- subdivided somatic & autonomic nervous system
5
Q
somatic nervous system (2)
A
- “voluntary nervous system”
- carries sensory information to CNS
6
Q
autonomic nervous sytem
A
- “involuntary nervous system”
- carries impulses from CNS to visceral smooth muscle
- subdivided into sympathetic/parasympathetic division
7
Q
sympathetic division ANS
A
- prepares body for energy expending activity
- flight or fight response
8
Q
parasympathetic division of ANS
A
- pacifies body
- allows for rest conservation of energy
9
Q
Parts of a neuron (3)
A
- cell body
- dendrite
- axon
10
Q
part of neuron: cell body (2)
A
- neurofibrils form cytoskeleton
- chromatophilic nissil bodies make roughER for protein synthasis
11
Q
part of neuron: dendrites (2)
A
- input processes for neuron
- tree like branches extend from cell body
12
Q
part of neuron: axon (3)
A
- joins cell body at cone shaped “axon hillock”
- propagate impulses away from cell body
- end in synaptic bulbs (knobs); carrying synaptic vesicles ; storing neurotransmitters
13
Q
schwann cells (2)
A
- neurolemmocytes
- produce myelin sheaths (protein rich lipid sheath)
- most neurons of PNS
- nodes of ranvier
- increase speed of impulse delivery
14
Q
- myelin is made in CNS by?
- myelin is made in PNS by?
A
- oligodendrocytes
- neurolemmocytes
15
Q
structural classification of neuron: MULTIPOLAR (3)
A
- several dendrites
- 1 long prominent axon
- most neurons within brain/spinal cord
16
Q
structural classification of neuron: BIPOLAR (2)
A
- 1 dendrite/ 1 axon
- retina/inner ear
17
Q
structural classification of neuron: UNIPOLAR (4)
A
- one process that branches
- aggregate in special masses of nervous tissue
- ganglion
- located just outside the CNS
18
Q
functional classification of neuron: SENSORY (afferent)
A
-transmit impulses from sensory receptors to CNS
19
Q
functional classification of neuron: INTERNEURONS (2)
A
- found entirely in CNS
- convey impulses within CNS
20
Q
functional classification of neuron: MOTOR (efferent) (2)
A
- multipolar neurons
- convey Impulses out of CNS
21
Q
how many classifications of neuroglia in CNS/PNS?
A
- CNS: 4
- PNS: 2
22
Q
CNS neuroglia: astrocytes
A
- star shaped cells
- form blood-brain barrier
- regulate entry of substances to the CNS
23
Q
CNS neuroglia: oligodendrocytes (3)
A
- produce myelin of CNS
- most numerous glial cell of CNS
- do not produce neurilemmae
24
Q
CNS neuroglia: ependymal cells
A
- regulate cerebral spinal fluid
- work blood barrier keeping substances out of brain
- one cell layer thick, porous membrane
25
CNS neuroglia: microglial cells (2)
- *4th of CNS glial cells*
| - provide structure support/ immune protection
26
what are the PNS neuroglia?
1. satellite cells
| 2. schwann cells
27
what is a synapse?
the functional (not physical connection) between axon of neuron and dendrite or cell body of other neuron
28
function of synapse (2)
- allow one way communication between neurons/cells
| - allow information to be integrated and filtered
29
structure of synapse: PRESYNAPTIC NEURON
-carries nerve impulse towards synapse
30
structure of synapse: SYNAPTIC CLEFT
-physical gap separating interaction neurons at chemical synapse
31
structure of synapse: POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON
-receives signal at synapse from axon
32
what is cell membrane potential? (3)
- difference in electrical charge between fluid just inside and just outside the cell membrane
- outside SODIUM
- inside POTASSIUM
33
what is a cell exhibiting cell membrane potential said to be?
polarized
34
cell membrane potential: RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
- resting membrane potential of a neuron is NEGATIVE *-70*
| - inside cell
35
cell membrane potential: GRADED POTENTIAL (2)
- deviation from resting membrane potential by stimulus
- degree of change proportional to intensity and duration of stimulus from graded potential
- activation potential is -55
36
all or none response (2)
- nerve impulse conducted whenever stimulus threshold potential or greater is reached in the trigger zone
- all impulses same strength
37
what is continuous conduction?
-step by step depolarization of go each adjacent portion of axolemma
-only un-myelinated axons
pain sensation vs motor sensation
38
what type of propagation do myelinated cells exhibit?
saltatory (leaping) conduction
39
what triggers release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles in synaptic cleft?
increase in intracellular calcium triggers exocytosis
40
excitatory post-synaptic potential (4)
- EPSP
- back to ZERO
- causes depolarization
- brings closer to threshold/impulse
41
inhibitory post-synaptic potential
- IPSP
- away from ZERO
- causes hyperpolarization
- further from threshold/impulse
42
neurotransmitters (3)
- biochemical messengers released from synaptic vesicles
- relay nerve impulses across chemical synapse
- excitatory or inhibitory
43
neurotranmitter: ACETYLCHOLINE
-excitatory neurotransmitter in motor division of somatic nervous system
44
steps for inactivation of neurotransmitters 1-3
1. presence of enzymes in synaptic cleft rapidly decompose
2. neurotrans reabsorbed by presynaptic/nearby neuron
3. astrocytes via endocytosis (reuptake)
45
Choroid plexuses
Responsible for formation of cerebral spinal fluid
46
gray matter
- unmyelinated axons
| - receives and integrates outgoing information (reflex arcs)
47
white matter
- myelinated
| - 2 way highway for nerve impulses
48
choroid plexuses are responsible for...
the formation of cerebral spinal fluid
49
order of reflex arc
| really sick idiots means er
1. receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integrating center
4. motor neuron
5. effector
50
how many nerves / vertebrae
33vertebrae/31 nerves
51
what is the caudina equine?
- anchors cord to coccyx
| - roots angle inferiorly/travel vertically
52
dorsal root
sensory nerve fibers
53
dorsal root ganglion
periphery unipolar sensory neurons
54
ventral root
motor neurons
55
cerebrum contains what matter on the outside and in/
- white matter outside
- grey matter inside
- largest part of the brain
56
what does limbic system govern
- emotional aspects
| - rings of structures
57
3 parts of the Diencephalon
- thalmus
- hypothalmus
- pineal gland
58
cerebellum
coordinates and smoothes skeletal muscle movement
59
cervical plexus/phenic nerve
diaphragm
60
brachial plexus
innervates shoulders/arms
61
median nerve
in brachial plexus
- forearm
- skin
- hands
62
lumbosacral plexus /sciatic nerve
supplies buttox, perineum, lower limbs
