Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
cells that produce steroid hormones contain a lot of what type o structure?
A
smooth ER
2
Q
ductless glands that secrete their products internally
A
Endocrine Glands
3
Q
what are the two types of hormones?
A
circulating
Local
4
Q
What are the two types of Local Hormones
A
Paracrine
Autocrine
5
Q
Hormones that act on neighboring cells
A
Paracrine Hormones
6
Q
Hormones that act on the same cells that is is secrete from
A
Autocrine Hormones
7
Q
Hormones that are secreted into the circulatory system and act on any cell that has the appropriate receptor
A
circulating hormones
8
Q
what does the the pineal gland secrete?
A
melatonin
9
Q
Where are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin made
A
Hypothalamus
10
Q
What does the thyroid secrete
A
calcitonin
thyroid hormone
11
Q
Where are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin secreted from
A
Posterior Pituitary
12
Q
what is the embryological origin or the diencephalons
A
prosencephalon
13
Q
what secondary vesicle does the hypothalamus originate from?
A
diencephalons
14
Q
main visceral (autonomic) control center for the body
A
Hypothalamus
15
Q
the secretions from this gland can regulate other glands
A
Hypothalamus
16
Q
What connects the hypothalamus to the Posterior Pituitary
A
The infundibulum
17
Q
what two glands regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis
A
the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (hypophysis)
18
Q
master gland for the endocrine system
A
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
19
Q
How many hormones does the Hypothalamus produce?
A
9
20
Q
What gland is considered Command Center for Endocrine System
A
Hypothalamus
21
Q
to see the relationship between the hypothalamus and the the pituitary gland what section should the brain be viewed?
A
Sagittal
22
Q
Where is the pituitary gland located in relation to the nasal cavity?
A
posterior corner of the roof
23
Q
Where does the pituitary gland sit?
A
hypophyseal fossa or sella turcica of sphenoid bone
24
Q
Cords of epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries in the anterior pituitary
A
Pars Distalis
25
A series of colloid-filled follicles in the anterior pituitary
Pars Intermedia
26
What represent the residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch
colloid-filled follicles
27
What part of the anterior pituitary gland forms a collar or sheath around infundibulum
Pars Tuberalis
28
most of the cells in the ___ are basophilic gonadotropic cells
Pars Tuberalis
29
Contains neurosecretory axons and their endings from the hypothalamus
Pars Nervosa
30
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe via the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
31
where hormones travel down the axons of the neurosecretory cells to the axon terminals where they exit via exocytosis
hypothalamic
32
Human growth hormone is secreted from what type of cells
Somatotropes
33
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone is secreted from what type of cells
Thyrotropes
34
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone is secreted from what type of cells
Gonadotropes
35
Luteinizing Hormone is secreted from what type of cells
Gonadotropes
36
Prolactin is secreted from what type of cells
Lactotropes
37
Adrenocorticotrophic is secreted from what type of cells hormone
Corticotropes
38
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone is secreted from what type of cells
Corticotropes
39
what type of cell are Corticotropes
Basophil - Chromophil
40
what type of cell are Lactotropes
Acidophil - Chromophil
41
what type of cell are Gonadotropes
Basophil - Chromophil
42
what type of cell are Thyrotropes
Basophil - Chromophil
43
what type of cell are Somatotropes
Acidophil - Chromophil
44
Chromophobes and Chromophils make up half the cell population in what?
Pars distalis
45
Reserve of primitive/ undifferentiated cells in the Pars Distalis
Chromphobes
46
Where is the hormone stored in Chromophils
cytoplasmic granules
47
Least numerous cell but they have the most numerous cell types
Basophils
48
powerful cells where a little bit goes a long way
basophils
49
what regulates the anterior pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
50
what regulates all other glands
Anterior Pituitary
51
which if the chromophils is most active
acidophil
52
stimulates the release of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
53
suppresses the release of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Dopamine (Prolactin- inhibiting hormone)
54
stimulates the release of Adrencoritcotropic hormone (ACTH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
55
suppresses the release of prolactin
Prolactin- inhibiting hormone (Dopamine)
56
stimulates the release of Follicle stimulating hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
57
stimulates the release of Luteinizing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
58
stimulates the release of Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin- releasing hormone
59
suppresses the release of Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone
60
suppresses the release of Human growth hormone
Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone
61
stimulates the release of Human growth hormone
Growth hormone- releasing hormone
62
Growth hormone- releasing hormone is also known as
somatocrinin
63
Which f the chromophilis has a granular appearance
Basophils
64
Initiates the development of oocytes
Follicle-stimulating hormone
65
Induces ovarian secretion of estrogen
Follicle-stimulating hormone
66
Stimulates testes to produce sperm
Follicle-stimulating hormone
67
Promotes growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis and elevation of blood glucose concentration
Human-growth hormone
68
(along w/ other hormones) promotes milk secretion
Prolactin
69
stimulates ovulation
Lutenizing hormone
70
when a section of the pituitary gland is prepared what two sections remain together if the tissue splits
Pars Nervosa
| Pars Intermedia
71
A collar or sheath wrapping around the the pituitary gland stalk
Pars tuberalis
72
What are the two hormones produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
```
oxytocin (OT)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)
```
73
what causes the dilation at the axon terminals in the Pars nervosa
hormones stored in secretory vesicles
74
dilated portions of the axons near the terminals in the Pars nervosa
Herring bodies
75
Another name for Herring bodies
neurosecretory bodies
76
A type of glial cell, resembling the astrocyte, that associates with the fenestrated capillaries
pituicytes
77
most common cell type in posterior pituitary
pituicytes
78
Does the posterior pituitary lobe have secretory cells?
No
79
Does the posterior pituitary lobe synthesis hormones?
No
80
Uterus destination and nipple stimulation, stimulates the secretion of ___ form the ___
Oxytocin, Hypothalamus
81
Elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain, or stress stimulates the secretion of ___ from the _____
ADH, Hypothalamus
82
Low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume and alcohol inhibits the secretion of
ADH
83
Stimulates smooth muscles contraction of the uterus and myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands
Oxytocin
84
What type of gland is the pineal gland
Neuroendocrine
85
What does the pineal gland regulate?
circadian rhythm
86
What is the major secretion for the pineal gland
melatonin
87
In a histological slide what is a distinguishing characteristic of the pineal gland
Coropa arenacea (brain sand)
88
Two types of cells in the pineal gland
Pinealocytes (parenchymal cells)
| Interstitial (Glial) cells
89
Three layers of the adrenal gland
fibers capsule
Cortex
Medulla
90
Contains catecholamine-secreting cells
Adrenal Medulla
91
Contains steroid-secreting cells
Adrenal Cortex
92
Is the Adrenal cortex or medulla larger?
cortex
93
Which of the adrenal layer has large vessels
medulla
94
Where do the adrenal veins drain into?
Caval stystem
95
cytoplasm has a foamy appearance in a histological stain
Zona fasciculata
96
Same the zones in the adrenal cortex from capsule to medulla
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
97
The thickest of the three adrenal cortex regions. it contains cells that are arranged in long cords/rows
Zona fasciculata
98
What does the Zona glomerulosa secrete
Mineralocorticoids, mainly Aldosterone
99
What does the Zona fasciculata secrete
Glucocorticoids, maily cortisol
100
What does the Zona reticularis secrete
Androgens
101
What does the adrenal medulla secrete
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
102
where are presynaptic sympathetic nerves located in the adrenal gland
Medulla
103
where do hormones collect to be cent out into the body
Central vein
104
where is the central vein located
in the medulla
105
Main function of aldosterone
regulates Na+, K+ and water (control of blood pressure)
106
Main function of Cortisol
Regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Provides resistance to stress and suppresses immune function
107
Main function of Androgen (DHEA)
Axillary pubic hair in both sexes
108
What intensifies sympathetic response in other body parts
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
109
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are what
Catecholamines
110
which gland is developed form neural crest cells?
Adrenal Medulla
111
controlled by sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the medulla
Chromaffin cells
112
Allows for quick signally to the chromaffin cells to release hormones via exocytosis
sympathetic preganglionic neurons
113
cluster around blood vessels & release hormones
Chromaffin cells
114
In a histological section how can you identify Chromaffin cells
they area associated with blood vessels
115
The endocrine portion of the pancreas
islets of Langerhans
116
Where are the islets of Langerhans most numerous
in the tail
117
The three principle cells of the islets of Langerhans
Beta (B cells)
Alpha (A ells)
Delta (D cells)
118
Secretes insulin
Beta (B) cells
119
Secretes glucagon
Alpha (A) Cells
120
Secretes somatostatin
Delta (D) cells
121
Where does the tail on the pancreas point?
Hilum of the spleen
122
lowers blood glucose level as it signals for an acceleration of glucose transport into cells and the conversion of the glucose into glycogen
Insulin
123
Associated with glycogenesis
Insulin
124
raises blood glucose level as it signals for the acceleration of the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver
Glucagon
125
Associated with glycogenolysis
Glucagon
126
Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
Somatostatin
127
what creates lobes in the thyroid gland
fibrous capsule & septa
128
control of basal metabolic rate and oxygen consumption of body cells
T3 and T4
129
Four atoms of iodine
Thyroxine
130
Three atoms of iodine
Tri-iodothyronine
131
Follicles contain colloid which is a gel-like mass predominantly composed of
thyroglobulin
132
inactive form of the thyroid hormones
thyroglobulin
133
Where is thyroglobulin modified
follicular cells
134
How is thyroid hormone released
fenestrated blood capillaries that surround the follicles
135
May be part of the follicular epithelium or found between the follicles of the thyroid gland
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
136
Produce the hormone calcitonin
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
137
Decreases the level of calcium in the blood by encouraging calcium salts to be deposited in bone matrix
calcitonin
138
Inhibits the action of osteoclasts
calcitonin
139
How is the secretion of calcitonin regulated
Negative feed back
140
What stimulate the release of calcitonin
high blood levels of Ca2+
141
what is located in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid
142
How many parathyroid glads are normally present?
4 (2-6)
143
produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Chief cells
144
more common with age
Oxyphil cells
145
2 cell types located in the parathyroid glands
Oxyphil cells
| Chief cells
146
Most numerous cell in the parathyroid
Chief cells
147
Increases the level of calcium in the blood stimulation of osteoclasts
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
148
How does PTH impact the kidney?
Slow the rare id Ca2+ released into the urine
