Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Most of the work in the urinary system is done by the
A
Kidneys
2
Q
paired parts of the urinary system
A
kidneys & ureters
3
Q
unpaired parts of the urinary system
A
urethra
4
Q
functions of the kidney
A
Regulation of Blood Ionic Composition
Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
Regulation of Blood pH Conservation of Valuable Nutrients
Production and Secretion of Hormones (Endocrine Function)
Assisting the Liver in Detoxification of Poisons
5
Q
due to location the kidneys get protection from what
A
the ribs
6
Q
why is the right kidney lower than the left?
A
the large liver is above the right kidney
7
Q
an area on an organ where things come and go from the organ
A
Hilum
8
Q
A deep vertical fissure along the medial concave border of the kidney,where renal vessels, nerves, and renal pelvis pass into/out of the kidney
A
Hilum
9
Q
filled with adipose and loose connective tissue
A
Renal sinus
10
Q
Just past the hilum of the kidney
A
Renal sinus
11
Q
Connective tissue capsule that covers the kidney
A
Renal capsule
12
Q
functional part of an organ is called?
A
Parenchyma
13
Q
what are the two parenchyma in the kidney
A
Renal cortex & medulla
14
Q
two parts of the renal medulla
A
Pyramids & columns
15
Q
superficial parenchyma of the kidney
A
cortex
16
Q
Deep parenchyma of the kidney
A
medulla
17
Q
Associated with developing kidney in the fetus
A
Renal lobe
18
Q
what percent of the total body mass does the kidney make up?
A
0.5%
19
Q
what percent of cardiac out (blood) out does the kidney receive?
A
20-25%
20
Q
how many mL of blood does the kidney receive per minute
A
1200
21
Q
How many liters of urine do the kidneys produce per day?
A
2L
22
Q
fluid such as water, glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood
A
Ultra filtrate
23
Q
what percent of the ultra filtrate is brought back into the body?
A
99%
24
Q
what can’t pass through into the filtrate?
A
Proteins and RBC’s
25
what pulls most of filtrate back into the blood stream?
Vasa Recta
26
What is fundamental structure and functional unit of the kidney
a Nephron
27
What are the two parts of the nephron
renal corpuscle & renal tubule
28
How many nephrons are in a human kidney?
1 mil
29
Where does resorption and secretion occur?
renal tubule
30
Where does each nephron drain into?
Collecting duct
31
99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed during what step?
tubular reabsorption
32
Where does the reabsorbed filtrate return to the blood
peritubular cappilaries
33
tubule cells can remove additional substances (ex. wastes, drugs, and excessive ions) from the blood in the peritubular capillaries
Tubular Secretion
34
water and most solutes in blood plasma move from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular (i.e. Bowman’s) capsule
Glomerular Filtration
35
where is the ultra filtrate of the kidney made?
Glomerular Capsule
36
completed to help maintain the homeostasis of blood’s volume and composition
urine production
37
where is the renal corpuscle located?
Renal Cortex
38
What is at the bringing of the nephron?
renal corpuscle
39
the glomerulus and the bowman's capsule make up the
renal corpuscle
40
How many capillary loops are in the glomerulus
10-20
41
What supplies the glomerular capillaries
afferent arteriole
42
The glomerular capillaries are drained by
efferent arteriole
43
Blood flowing through the capillary loops undergoes filtration to produce glomerular ultrafiltrate which is collected where
capsular space of the Bowman's capsule
44
Where is the capsular space found?
in between the visceral and parietal layers of the bowman's capsule
45
The partial layer of the bowman's capsule is what type of tissue
Simple squamous epithelium
46
The visceral layer consists of modified simple squamous epithelial cells called
podocytes
47
extensions of podocytes
pedicels
48
space between two pedicels (~30-40nm) is called a
filtration slit
49
where does the ultrafiltrate from the blood enters Bowman’s space
filtration slit
50
semipermeable membrane covering this slit called a
slit diaphragm
51
provide a lot structural support and are found in basement membrane
Mesangial cells
52
Provide phagocytic activity
| for when large items get stuck when trying to pass into the filtrate
Mesangial cells
53
why is the phagocytic activity mesangial cells important for filtration?
gets stuck items out of the way for other things can move into the filtrate
54
How are mesangial cells involved in immune responce?
secrete cytokines
55
the end of the corpuscle that is associated with arterioles
Vascular Pole
56
180 degrees away from the Vascular Pole
urinary or tubular pole
57
where filtrate exits Bowman’s space and enters PCT
urinary or tubular pole
58
where afferent and efferent arterioles enter/exit
Vascular Pole
59
Consists of a proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (nephron loop), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
renal tubule
60
where does tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occurs
renal tubule
61
Part or renal tubule that attaches to the glomerular capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
62
The part of the renal tubule that extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla, turns, and returns to cortex
Loop of Henle
63
The part of the renal tubule that lies within the renal cortex and empties into a collecting duct
Distal Convoluted Tubule
64
What type of epithelium are the thick parts of the renal tubule made out of?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
65
in a renal tubule section will there be more Proximal CT's or Distal CT's?
Proximal convoluted tubules
66
which of the convoluted tubules typically has a larger diameter?
Proximal convoluted tubules
67
which of the convoluted tubules typically is more eosinophilic?
Proximal convoluted tubules
68
which of the convoluted tubules has a brush boarder?
Proximal convoluted tubules
69
which of the convoluted tubules has a more regular shaped lumen?
Distal convoluted tubules
70
What type of epithelium are the thin parts of the renal tubule made of?
simple squamous epithelium
71
What part of the kidney are the DCT's found in?
the cortex
72
Has fewest microvilli of the CT's
DCT's
73
a region where the cells are crowded together and become columnar with apical nuclei
macula densa
74
Which convoluted tubule comes in contact with the afferent arteriole from the same nephron
thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
75
Alongside the macula densa and the wall of the afferent arteriole are modified smooth muscle cells called
juxtaglomerular cells
76
what makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
Macula Densa
juxtaglomerular cells
Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells (lacis)
77
helps to regulate blood pressure within the kidneys
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
78
Cells that have granules at the api cal surface that contain renin
Macula Densa
79
Cells that secrete proteases involved in the angiotensin pathway
Macula Densa
80
Specialized smooth muscles cells of the afferent arterioles
juxtaglomerular cells
81
What collects urine from the distal convoluted tubules
Collecting ducts
82
Merge and become larger as they descend through the cortex and medulla
Collecting ducts
83
Simple cuboidal epithelium that transitions to simple columnar epithelium as ducts increase in size
Collecting ducts
84
What are the two populations of cells in the collecting ducts
Principal cells
| Intercalated (IC) cells
85
Collecting duct cells that have dense cytoplasm and microvilli
Intercalated (IC) cells
86
Collecting duct cells that with single primary cilium and apical plans membrane folds (lack actin core)
Principal cells
87
Collecting duct cells that have abundance of ADH-regulated water channels
Principal cells
88
How do you tell the difference between collecting ducts and PCTs & DCTs?
Clear cytoplasm and cells borders are distinct
89
When the cells or the collecting duct become simple columnar they are what structure?
papillary duct
90
What type of epithelium are the minor calyces (and subsequent structures)?
Transitional epithelium
91
At what point can stuff from the filtrate not be pulled back into the body?
Once it drips into the minor calyx
92
What is the purpose of transitional epithelium?
Protect the body from urine
93
cell population is simple columnar epithelium
Papillary ducts
94
Type of nephron that has the renal corpuscle closet to the medulla
Juxtamedullary nephron
95
Type of nephron that makes up 1/8 of total nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephron
96
Type of nephron that has a long Loop of Henle
Juxtamedullary nephron
97
Type of nephron that has corpuscle close to the renal capsule
Cortical nephron
98
Type of nephron that makes up 7/8 of the total nephrons
Cortical nephron
99
Contains only straight tubules
Medullary ray
100
area where there are a lot of Bowman's capsules
Labyrinths
101
Name the types of smooth muscles in the urinary system from inner to outer layers
Longitudinal
| circular
102
layers in the mucosa of the urinary system
Transitional epithelium
| Lamina propria
103
where are the ureters located
retroperitoneal
104
where is the bladder located
just posterior to the pubic symphysis
105
The bladder has extra what that breaks up the muscular layer
Connective tissue
106
I the urethra longer in males or females
Males
107
Name the three types of urethra in males
Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Spongy Urethra
108
The type of urethra in the male lined by stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Membranous Urethra
109
The type of urethra in the male that is lined by urothelium
Prostatic Urethra
110
The type of urethra in the male lined stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and then distally by stratified squamous epithelium
Spongy Urethra
111
Lined initially by urothelium then by stratified squamous epithelium, with the occasional pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Female urethra
112
Once renal arteries enter sinus they are called
segmental arteries
113
what are the arteries of the kidney called once they enter the parenchyma?
interloblar
114
arteries that run between the medulla and the cortex
arcuate arteries
115
Arteries of the kidney that head up into the cortex and give off afferent arterioles
Interlobular
116
What artery does not a have a respectively named vein
segmental (interlobar vein --> renal vein)
