Endocrine system

Question 1

4 types of cell communication

Answer 1

1. endocrine
2. paracrine
3. synpatic
4. contact-dependent

Question 2

what is paracrine signalling?

Answer 2

sends signals to neighbouring cells

Question 3

3 organs that are specifically glands

Answer 3

1. adrenal
2. pineal
3. adrenal

Question 4

3 organs which have an endocrine function but specialise in something else

Answer 4

1. testis
2. ovary
3. pancreas

Question 5

secretions from the pituitary gland (PG) active endocrine cells in which 4 organs

Answer 5

1. adrenal gland
2. thyroid gland
3. testis
4. ovary

Question 6

where is the PG?

Answer 6

under the brain

Question 7

2 sections of PG

Answer 7

anterior and posterior

Question 8

3 components of the epithelia of anterior PG

Answer 8

1) pars distalis
2) pars tuberalis
3) pars intermedia

Question 9

3 cell types in anterior PG, according to dyes

Answer 9

1) acidophils
2) basophils
3) chromophores

Question 10

why do chromophores not stain?

Answer 10

they have too few granules

Question 11

2 cells of the acidophils

Answer 11

somatotrophs

lactotrophs

Question 12

what hormone is secreted by somatotrophs?

Answer 12

growth hormone

Question 13

what is prolactin secreted by?

Answer 13

lactotrophs

Question 14

3 basophilic cells

Answer 14

1. corticotrophs
2. gonadotrophs
3. thyrotrops

Question 15

what do corticotrophs secrete?

Answer 15

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 16

effect of ACTH

Answer 16

causes adrenal gland to release cortisol

Question 17

what cell secretes both FSH and LH?

Answer 17

gonadotropins

Question 18

which hormone stimulates progesterone secretion?

Answer 18

LH

Question 19

what do thyrotrophs secrete?

Answer 19

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 20

effect of TSH

Answer 20

causes thyroid to secrete hormones

Question 21

main component of posterior PG

Answer 21

pars nervosa

Question 22

which 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior PG?

Answer 22

1. oxytocin

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 23

effect of ADH

Answer 23

renal water retention

Question 24

where is the pineal gland?

Answer 24

under the brain

Question 25

what 2 cells are contained within the pineal gland

Answer 25

1. glial cells | 2. pinealocytes

Question 26

what cells secrete melatonin

Answer 26

glial cells

Question 27

what is melatonin secretion responsive to?

Answer 27

light

Question 28

what connects the 2 thyroid lobes?

Answer 28

isthmus

Question 29

3 hormones secreted by thyroid gland

Answer 29

1. T4 = thyroxine 2. T3 = triiodothyronine 3. calcitonin

Question 30

in an underactive thyroid explain level of colloid and T4

Answer 30

increased colloid | decreased T4

Question 31

in an overactive thyroid explain level of colloid and T4

Answer 31

decreased colloid | increased T4

Question 32

which gland are embedded on the posterior thyroid surface?

Answer 32

parathyroid glands

Question 33

what does the parathyroid glands secrete?

Answer 33

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 34

which cell secretes PTH?

Answer 34

Chief cells

Question 35

what type of gland is the pancreas?

Answer 35

both exocrine and endocrine

Question 36

effect of glucagon?

Answer 36

increases glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase blood glucose level

Question 37

effect of insulin?

Answer 37

increases glycogen syntehsis in the liver to decrease blood glucose level

Question 38

which islet of langerhans cell produces inhibiting peptide?

Answer 38

Delta

Question 39

what does the inhibiting enzyme inhibit release of?

Answer 39

glucagon and insulin

Question 40

what do the F cells of the IOL secrete?

Answer 40

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 41

function f pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 41

inhibits gall bladder contraction

Question 42

what type of hormones does the adrenal gland secrete?

Answer 42

Steroid

Question 43

3 areas of the adrenal cortex (From inner to outer)

Answer 43

1. Zona reticularis 2. Zona fasiculata 3. Zona glomerulus

Question 44

which area of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?

Answer 44

zona reticularis

Question 45

which area of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids?

Answer 45

Zona fasiculata

Question 46

which area of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?

Answer 46

Zona glomerulus

Question 47

what 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 47

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 48

what hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to allow release of LH and FSH from the PG?

Answer 48

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 49

where is progesterone produced?

Answer 49

Ovaries

Question 50

which hormone causes negative feedback to the hypothalamus secreting GnRH? - female

Answer 50

Progesterone

Question 51

where is testosterone produced?

Answer 51

Testis

Question 52

which hormone causes negative feedback to the hypothalamus secreting GnRH? - male

Answer 52

Testosterone

Question 53

which hormone causes negative feedback to the hypothalamus secreting corticotropic releasing hormone?

Answer 53

cortisol

Question 54

what gland and hormone causes the thyroid to release T4 and T3

Answer 54

1. hypothalamus; thyroid releasing hormone | 2. PG; thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 55

which organ secretes renin?

Answer 55

kidney

Question 56

what enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

Answer 56

ACE

Question 57

which organ is glucagon like peptide 1 secreted form?

Answer 57

small instesine

Question 58

function of glucagon like peptide 1

Answer 58

causes insulin to secrete

Question 59

cause of type 1 diabetes

Answer 59

autoimmunity

Question 60

what cells completely lose function in type 1 diabetes

Answer 60

beta cells - islets of langerhans

Question 61

what is glycaemia?

Answer 61

high blood glucose

Question 62

what is dyslipidaemia

Answer 62

abnormal amounts of lipid in the blood

Question 63

3 routes for receptor based signal

Answer 63

1. nervous system 2. endocrine system 3. locally produced factors

Question 64

what is autocrine signalling?

Answer 64

when a cell signals itself

Question 65

2 ways a hormone can have an effect on a cell

Answer 65

1. enter cell and bind to intercellular receptors | 2. bind to membrane receptors - requires secondary messenger

Question 66

which type of hormones can enter the cell?

Answer 66

lipophillic

Question 67

by which type receptor does epinephrine work?

Answer 67

Type 2 receptor - G protein

Question 68

2 types of secondary messengers

Answer 68

cAMP | Ca2+

Question 69

how are secondary messengers activated?

Answer 69

binding of ligand (hormone) to the cell membrane receptor

Question 70

what protein do ca2+ ions work with?

Answer 70

Calmodulin

Question 71

which diseases' mechanism involves a toxin activating the G protein?

Answer 71

Cholera

Question 72

example of paracrine hormone and its effect

Answer 72

somatostain - inhibits insulin secretion

Question 73

which hormone undergoes autocrine communication?

Answer 73

Insulin-like growth factor

Question 74

what is intracellular signalling?

Answer 74

signalling between different organelles of the same cell

Question 75

where are neurotransmitters made?

Answer 75

The axon