Tissues Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Type of connective tissue that supports and binds other tissues together
A
Cartilage
2
Q
Type of CT that stores nutritional substances
A
Adipose tissue
3
Q
which germ layer is the CT derived from?
A
Mesoderm
4
Q
Where is the superficial fascia?
A
Between skin & underlying organs
5
Q
Where is the deep fascia?
A
Bound to tendons & ligaments
6
Q
Where is the subserous fascia?
A
Between the deep fascia and serous membranes
7
Q
Fibres + ground substance =
A
Extracellular Matrix
8
Q
What class of CT are the following; loose dense regular dense irregular elastic reticular adipose
A
types of CT proper
9
Q
2 types of fluid CT
A
- Blood
2. Lymph
10
Q
2 types of supporting CT
A
- Cartilage
2. Bone
11
Q
What cells produce collagen, elastin and reticular fibres?
A
Fibroblasts
12
Q
Difference between dense regular and dense irregular CT
A
regular = collagen fibres are parallel and unidirectional irregular = densely packed collagen fibres which are interwoven
13
Q
What type of proper CT would you find in the liver & spleen?
A
Reticular
14
Q
What support cell would you find in the cartilage?
A
Chondrocytes
15
Q
Function of hyaline cartilage
A
Reduces friction between bony surfaces
16
Q
Which cartilage is found in the trachea and bronchi?
A
Hyaline
17
Q
Characterisitic of elastic cartilage
A
tolerates distortion without damage
18
Q
Function of fibrocartilage
A
Prevents bone-to-bone contact
19
Q
Which cartilage is found within the knee joints
A
Fibrocartilage
20
Q
What compound makes the bone hard & rigid
A
Calcium phosphate
21
Q
2 types of bone tissue
A
- Compact
2. spongy/cancellous
22
Q
Cells contained within the vascular CT
A
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, RBC, WBC
23
Q
Surface & glandular are types of what
A
Epithelia
24
Q
What are the 3 germ layers?
A
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
25
Which is the 2 tissues originate from the ectoderm?
1. Nervous
| 2. Epithelia
26
What holds membranes together in epithelia?
Intercellular junctions
27
Where is the apical (free) surface in epithelia?
Facing the lumen
28
Which epithelial cell lines blood vessels & air sacs?
Simple squamous
29
Which epithelial cell lines kidney tubules & glands?
Simple cuboidal
30
Location of simple columnar
lines digestive tract
31
Which epithelial cells secretes mucus through goblet cells (2)
1. simple columnar
| 2. stratified columnar
32
What type of epithelial cell is on the outer layer of the skin?
Stratified squamous
33
What 2 components are found on the apical surface of epithelia?
1. microvilli
| 2. Cilia
34
3 types of cell junctions
1. Desmosomes
2. Gap junctions
3. Tight junctions
35
What protein is incorporated into desmosomes?
Cadherins
36
2 types of glands
1. Exocrine
| 2. Endocrine
37
Branched duct system in glandular epithelium
Compound
38
Single tube system in glandular epithelium
Simple
39
Which colour marrow stores minerals, calcium salts & lipids
Yellow
40
Which colour marrow produced blood cells?
Red
41
2 layers of perichondrium
1) outer fibrous irregular CT layer
| 2) Inner cellular layer
42
Describe the arrangement of collagen fibres in hyaline cartilage
Closely packed
43
Describe the arrangement of collagen fibres in fibrocartilage
densely interwoven
44
Which type of cartilage absorbs shock?
Fibrocartilage
45
2 types of cartilager growth
1. Interstitial growth
| 1. Appositional growth
46
What cell undergoes mitosis in interstitial growth?
Chondrocytes
47
What do fibroblasts differentiate into in appositional growth?
chondrocytes
48
What do chondrocytes secrete in appositional growth?
New matrix into perichondrium
49
2 forms of ossification
1. Endochondral
| 2. Intramembranous
50
What cells produce spongy bone?
osteoblasts
51
What cells are osteoblasts derived from in endochondral ossificiation?
Fibroblasts
52
In intramembranous ossification what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?
Osteoblasts
53
In intramembranous ossification, what replaces spongy bone?
Compact bone
54
What bones undergo intramembranous ossification?
- flat bones
- skull
- mandiable
- clavicle
55
What 3 arteries supply the bone?
1. Nutrient artery
2. Metaphyseal artery
3. Periosteal artery
56
Which type of bone forms the diaphysis of bone?
Compact
57
What type of cell secretes enzymes that dissolve bone matrix?
Osteoclast
58
Which type of bone are osteons found in?
Compact bone
59
Which type of bone contains trabeculae?
Spongy bone
60
How do nutrients reach spongy bone, as it lacks capillaries?
By diffusion along the canaliculi
61
3 types of muscle
1. Smooth
2. Cardiac
3. Skeletal
62
How to differentiate histological slides of cardiac and striated muscle?
The fibres in cardiac muscle are interconnected by intercalated discs
63
Name of CT sheath surrounding skeletal muscle?
Epimysium
64
CT layer surrounding a singlular fascicle?
Perimysium
65
What do muscle fibres consist of?
Muscle fibres
66
What cells are found within muscle fibres?
Satellite cells
67
Name of fibres in muscle fibres
Myofibrils
68
2 myofilaments in myofibrils
1. actin
| 2. myosin
69
Resting MP=
-95mv
70
Function of T-tubules
allow rapid conduction of potential changes throughout muscle
71
Name of section of sarcoplasmic reticulum that enlarges and fuses to forms chambers (at the end)
Terminal cisternae
72
Which part of the muscle stores Ca2+
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
73
When the action potential is conducted along the T-tubule, where does Ca2+ travel to and from?
from sarcoplasmic reticulum to the sarcoplasm
74
Explain the movement of myofilaments during muscle contraction
Actin slide over myosin
75
Which part of myosin attaches to actin?
Myosin head
76
What other molecules are associated to actin? (2)
1. Troponin
| 2. Tropomyosin
77
What is tropomysosin attached to?
Troponin
78
Name the binding sites of the 3 compartments of troponin:
1. I
2. T
3. C
1. Actin
2. Tropomyosin
3. Calcium
79
When troponin binds to calcium, its conformational shape is changed. what does this allow?
Tropomyosin to move away from the myosin binding site on actin
80
What triggers the opening of Na channel in the sarcolemma?
Binding of ACh to ACh receptors
81
What is ACh broken down by
AChE
82
Why is ACh broken down?
So that the muscle can stop contracting
83
After muscle contraction, how do Ca2+ return to the sarcoplamic reticulum?
Active transport pump, that uses ATP
84
What is tension in the muscle dependent on?
The number of cross bridges between actin and myosin
85
What is the relationship between degree of stretch and tension?
Positive
86
3 main phases of a twitch
1. Latent period
2. Contraction peroid
3. Relaxation peroid
87
What is treppe, in terms of muscle contraction?
If the 2nd stimulation occurs immediately after the end of the relaxation phase, the next contraction will be slightly bigger.
88
What is incomplete tetanus?
Summation of contractions just after start of relaxation peroid. slowly induces tension.
89
What is incomplete tetanus?
Increasing stimulating frequency, eliminating the relaxation phase. contraction occurs upto maximum tension.
90
2 things that muscle tone enables
1. maintenence of posture
| 2. maintenence of diameter of tubular structures to allow passage
91
2 types of contraction
1. Isometric
| 2. Isotonic
92
2 types of isotonic contraction
1. Eccentric
| 2. Concentric
93
In which type of isotonic contraction are cross bridges shortened?
Concentric
94
Name of CT surrounding 1 muscle fibre
Endomysium
95
Which filaments are in I bands?
Thin actin
96
Which filaments are in A bands?
Both thick and thin filaments
97
What type of cell junctions are in cardiac muscle?
1. Gap
| 2. Desmosomes
98
What is the only thing that stimulates contraction in cardiac muscle?
Pacemaker cells
99
Explain distribution of myofilaments in smooth muscle
Scattered
100
Which type of muscle is multinucleated and fused?
skeletal
