Histology Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Explain the name simple squamous epithelium
A
simple= 1 layer squamous = squashed
2
Q
Where would you find simple squamous epithelium? (3)
A
Lining blood vessels, air sacs of the lungs, kidney
3
Q
What is the basement membrane called in simple squamous epithelia?
A
Basal lamina
4
Q
Function of simple squamous epithelium
A
Allows exchange of nutrients, waste & gases
5
Q
What organelle is visible in simple squamous epithelium?
A
Nucleus
6
Q
Which type of epithelium is present in kidney tubules and glands?
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
7
Q
Explain the name simple cuboidal
A
simple = 1 layer cuboidal = square shaped
8
Q
Where is the nucleus located in simple cuboidal epithelium?
A
Central
9
Q
Function of simple cuboidal epithelium
A
secretes, excretes & reabsorbs water and small molecules
10
Q
Explain the name pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
pseudostratified = 1 layer but appears there are many due to the many nuclei columnar = tall cells
11
Q
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
A
Trachea, oesophagus (Upper respiratory tract)
12
Q
What cytoplasmic projections do pseudostratified columnar epithelium have?
A
Cilia
13
Q
What do cilia in pseudostratified columnar epithelium contain>
A
Bundles of microtubules
14
Q
Function of cilia in pseudostratified columnar epithelium (2)
A
- Increase SA
- beat synchronously to help move mucus along the respiratory tract
15
Q
Type of cells in pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
Goblet cells
16
Q
Function of goblet cells
A
Secrete mucus to catch bacteria
17
Q
What type of epithelia are goblet cells more common in?
A
Glandular epithelia
18
Q
Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium (2)
A
Secretion, absorption
19
Q
What type of epithelium does the surface of skin of the human scalp have?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
20
Q
What are the 2 skin appendages in the skin?
A
Hair follicles, sweat glands
21
Q
3 layers of the skin
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
22
Q
Which layer of the epidermis contains dead keratinocytes?
A
Stratum corneum
23
Q
White section of skin histological slide
A
Adipose tissue
24
Q
What pigment does the stratum basale contain
A
Melanin
25
What type of collagen fibres does the skin contain?
Dense irregular fibres
26
What glands are attached to the hair follicles?
Sebaceous glands
27
Describe what dense irregular connective tissue is
Collagen fibres in all directions
28
Function of keratinocytes
Secrete keratin- provides waterproof layer
29
What is desquamation?
Cells dying and rising to the top layer (stratum corneum) to shed
30
Which layer of the epidermis do cells divide in?
Stratum basal
31
Function of melanocytes
Produce melanin - pigment
32
Function of sebaceous glands
Produce sebum
33
Function of sweat glands
Produce sweat
34
2 Types of sweat glands
Eccrine & apocrine
35
5 layers of epidermis (inc. layer in thick skin - state this) from TOP TO BOTTOM
```
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basal
```
36
Describe the cells in stratum granulosum
cells contain granules which are full of lipid-rich secreion; water sealent
37
Describe the cells in the stratum spinosum
cells have many desmosomes which allows them to anchor to one another. contain keratin
38
Which layer of the skin contains elastin and collagen fibres?
Dermis
39
name 2 regions of the dermis
Superficial region = papillary dermis
| Deeper region = reticular dermis
40
Which region of the dermis contains loose CT
Superficial
41
Which region of the dermis contains dense CT
deeper
42
Which region of the dermis extends into the epidermis? and what are the projections called?
Papillary dermis.
| dermal papillae
43
Which region of the dermis contains fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes?
Reticular dermis (deeper region)
44
Which layer of the dermis do the hair follicles originate?
Dermis
45
What type of glands are sweat glands?
Exocrine
46
What type of epithelium lines the sweat glands?
Simple cuboidal
47
What type of epithelium lines the ducts of the sweat glands?
Stratified columnar
48
What type of secretion occurs in exocrine glands
Holocrine
49
Describe the cells in the sebaceous glands
Rounded vacoules filled with lipids
50
What organ has both exocrine and endocrine function?
Pancreas
51
What is the exocrine section of the pancreas composed of?
closely packed acini cells
52
What epithelia surround the pancreatic ducts?
Columnar
53
What are the sections of the exocrine pancreas called?
Lobules
54
Where are the ducts located in exocrine pancreas (2)?
within the lobules - intralobular ducts
| outside of the lobules - extralobular ducts
55
What are extralobular ducts in pancreas surrounded by?
CT
56
What are intralobular ducts in pancreas surrounded by?
Acini
57
Where do the islets of langerhans secrete hormones?
Directly into the blood
58
How are the hormones secreted in the exocrine pancreas?
Via zymogen granules
59
what is the name of one unit in the lobule of exocrine pancreas
Acini
60
What is an acini?
A group of cells which all secrete into zymogen granules. nuclei are arranged on the periphery of the acini
61
What cells make up the Islets of Langerhans?
(neuroendocrine cells) Alpha, beta, delta, PP
62
What do beta cells secrete?
Insulin
63
What do alpha cells secrete?
Glucagon
64
What do delta cells secrete?
Somatostatin
65
What enzymes are secreted by exocrine pancreas?
Trypsin & chymotysin
66
What are the islets of langerhans supported by?
Reticular fibres
67
What is aroud each islet?
Capsule
68
Where is the duodenum
Small intestine
69
Name the layers of the duodenum
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia
70
What is contained within the mucosa?
Villi
71
Function of villi
To increase SA for absorption
72
What type of cells are contained within the villi of the duodenum>
```
Goblet cells = secrete mucus
Enterocytes = absorption
```
73
What is the outer layer of the villi called?
Brush border
74
Where is the lamina propria?
Mucosa
75
What type of cells are contained within the lamina propria?
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasma cells
76
What colour do the goblet cells look like on the histological slide of the duodenum?
White
77
What CT makes up the lamina propria?
Loose connective tissue
78
Where are the crypts in the duodenum?
Base of villi
79
What do the crypts secrete?
Pancreatic juice
80
What type of cells are at the base of the crypts? (2)
Paneth cells and endocrine cells
81
Function of paneth cells
Secretes lysosomes; defensive function
82
What to the endocrine cells of the duodenum secrete?
Secretin, somatostatin, enteroglucagon
83
Where does cell proliferation take place in the duodenum?
Crytps
84
What type of glands are in the submucosa of the duodenum?
Brunner's glands
85
Function of brunner's glands
secrete mucus to protect duodenal lumen
86
What is the submucosal plexus and its function?
Neural tissue which regulates contractions and glandular secretions
87
Name the layers of muscularis duodenum and their location
Circular (inner) and longitudinal (outer)
| C comes before L in alphabet
88
What are the layers of the mucularis covered by?
Serosa
89
Shape of circular muscularis
Compact spiral
90
Shape of longitudinal muscularis
Elongated helix
91
What type of glands are within the liver?
Exocrine
92
What type of cells surround the central vein?
Hepatocytes, reticular endothelial cells, macrophages
93
What type of cells are between the hepatocytes?
Red blood cells
94
Function of hepatocytes
Secrete bile
95
What are the basic units in liver tissue?
Lobules
96
Which vein in the liver is surrouned by CT and which is not?
Central vein - no CT
| Hepatic portal vein - CT
97
How to differentiate between the central vein and portal vein?
Portal vein has cells around the periphery
98
What is the bile duct surrounded by in the liver?
Epithelia - cholangiocytes
99
Explain the pathway of bile flow from the hepatocytes
Bile canaliculi , bile duct, hepatic duct
100
Pathway of blood flow in liver
Sinusoids, central vein, hepatic portal vein, inferior vena cava
101
Which 2 vessels supply the liver?
Hepatic artery - blood
| Hepatic vein - nutrients from GI tract
102
What type CT does the liver posses?
dense CT
103
What makes up the liver lobule?
Central vein which is surrouned by 6 portal canals in a hexagonal arrangement.
104
name for 3D arrangement of hepatocytes
Hepatic laminae
105
What is inbetween hepatic laminae
Hepatic sinusoids which are endothelial lined
106
What are canaliculi in liver?
Grooves between hepatocytes - where bile is secreted
107
Name 2 sections of the adrenal gland
Cortex & Medulla
108
What type of tissue is on the outer layer of adrenal gland?
Adipose
109
What type of gland is the liver and both its regions?
Endocrine
110
Which section of the adrenal gland is on the outer edge and which is on the inner edge?
Outer - cortex (c comes first in alphabet)
| Inner - medulla
111
What type of cells are contained within the medulla?
Ganglion cells
112
Where did the medulla derive from?
The neural crest
113
What hormones do the granular cells of the medulla contain>
Adrenaline & noradrenaline and cholesterol
114
From outer to inner, name the layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Facsiculata
Zona Reticularis
115
What type of hormones does the zona glom. secrete and give examples.
Mineralcorticosterioids- aldosterone
116
What type of hormones does the zona fascic. secrete and give examples.
glucocorticoids - Cortisol
117
What hormones does the zona retic. secrete?
Androgens & oestrogens
118
Where is the thyroid gland locates?
Anterior surface of the trachea
119
Basic unit of thyroid gland
Lobule
120
What do the lobules contain
Follicles of hormones
121
What hormones are made within the lobules and what is the function of them ?
Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3) - metabolism
122
Where is calcitonin made in the thyroid gland?
Cells in between follicles = parafollicular cells
123
Function of calcitonin
Calcium homeostasis
124
What epithelium does the follicle contain in thyroid gland?
Cuboidal
125
What is the lumen of the thyroid gland follicle contained with?
Colloid
126
What structures are inbetween the lobules in the thyroid gland?
Blood vessels and CT
127
What is colloid?
Inactive T3 & T4 bounded to glycoprotein (thyroglobin)
128
Is smooth muscle striated?
No
129
How many nuclei are in each strand in smooth muscle?
1
130
How is the nucleus positioned in smooth muscle?
centrally
131
What shape do the nuclei have in smooth muscle?
Fusiform
132
Function of smooth muscle
Involuntary
133
Location of smooth muscle
Blood vessels, skin, resp system, digestive system, urinary, reproductive
134
Is skeletal muscle striated?
Yes
135
Describe the arrangement of the striations of the straited muscle to the skeleton?
Parallel
136
Muscle which is voluntary
Skeletal
137
Describe the arrangement of the fibres in skeletal muscle
Longitudinal
138
Each fibre in skeletal muscle is multinucleated. True or false?
True
139
What do the skeletal muscle fibres contain?
Fused myoblasts
140
What are the fibres in skeletal muscle surrounded by?
Loose CT
141
What does Loose CT contain?
Collagen and elastin fibres
142
What is the striation?
Sarcomere = many myofibrils
143
Muscle which is involuntary and has striations
Cardiac
144
Where is the only place you'll find cardiac muscle?
The heart
145
What is a main characteristic of cardiac muscle?
the striations are interconnected with each other
146
What connects the sarcomeres in cardiac muscle?
Intercalated discs
147
What type of cell is contained within cardiac muscle?
Myocytes
148
What are the white sections in the cardiac muscle slide?
Glycogen
149
Position of nuclei in cardaic muscle
central
150
3 types of junctions in cardiac muscle
Anchoring junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
151
which has a thinner wall, artery or vein?
Vein
152
which has a larger lumen, artery or vein?
vein
153
Which has more elastic and collagen prominent layers, artery or vein?
Artery
154
Describe the intima in the vein
Thin endothelial lining
155
Which layer of the vein has very little smooth muscle & elastin
Tunica media
156
Which tissue is contained within the T.Adv of the vein?
Loose CT
157
Which layer of the vein contains collagen fibres and the vasa vasorum?
Tunica Adventitia
158
Which have a greater vasa vasorum, artery or vein?
Artery
159
Describe T.Media of the artery
Smooth muscle & sheets of elastin and collagen
160
Describe T.Adv of the artery
vasa vasorum, loosely woven collagen & elastin fibres
161
Another name for white fibrous CT
Dense regular tissue
162
What makes regular tissue dense?
Linear direction of the fibres
163
Where will you find dense regular tissue?
Tendons & ligaments
164
What fibres are contained within dense regular tissue?
Collagen
165
What type of cells are contained within dense regular tissue and what is their function?
Fibroblasts - secrete collagen
166
What is the white fibrous tissue mainly made out of?
Extracellular matrix
167
What specific cells are contained within white fibrous tissue?
Dividing cells
168
Where are reticular fibres found?
Liver, lymph node, spleen (immune system)
169
What tissue are reticular fibres classed as?
CT
170
What fibres are contained within reticular fibres?
Collagen fibres
