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Anatomy for Systems > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

List the main endocrine organs

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Suprarenal adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
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2
Q

Name the hollow in what bone of the skull the pituitary gland is found

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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3
Q

How is the optic chiasm structuraly related to the pituitary gland?

A

Optic chiasm is found superiorly and slightly anterior to the pituitary gland

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4
Q

Which fibres cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal fibres

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5
Q

What visual field defect would be seen if the optic chiasm was compressed?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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6
Q

What are the other names for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Pars anterior

Adenohypopyhsis

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7
Q

What are the other names for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Pars nervosa

Neurohypophysis

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8
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary stalk

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9
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is larger and more glandular?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

List the 3 types of cells in the anterior pituitary

A

Acidophilic
Basophilic
Chromophobic

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11
Q

What are the two classes of acidophil found in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotroph

Mammotroph

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12
Q

What are the three classes of basophil found in the anterior pituitary?

A

corticotroph
thyrotroph
gonadotroph

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13
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of somatrotrophs?

A

Secrete somatotrophin (GH)

Targets liver and adipose primarily

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14
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of mammotrophs?

A

Secretes prolactin

Targets breast tissue

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15
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of corticotrophs?

A

Secretes ACTH and MSH

Targets adrenals and melanocytes of the skin

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16
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of thyrotrophs?

A

Secretes TSH

Targets thyroid gland

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17
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of gonadotrophs?

A

Secretes FSH and LH

Targets gonads

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18
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH and oxytocin from the hypothalamus

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19
Q

Where does the arterial blood supply of the pituitary gland arise from?

A

Internal carotid artery

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20
Q

Describe the blood supply of the anterior pituitary

A

Superior hypophysial artery (branch of the ICA) enters the hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries that make up the hypophysial portal system and supply the anterior pituitary

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21
Q

Describe the blood supply of the posterior pituitary

A

Inferior hypophysial artery from ICA supplies posterior pituitary

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22
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portel system

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23
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the pituitary gland

A

Hypophysial veins, which drain into the cavernous sinus

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24
Q

Between which vertebral layers is the thyroid gland found?

A

C5-T1

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25
Q

Between which two cartilages is the thyroid gland found?

A

Cricoid cartilage and 6th tracheal ring

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26
Q

How is the thyroid anatomically positioned in relation to the trachea?

A

Thyroid gland is anterior to the trachea

27
Q

How is the thyroid anatomically positioned in relation to the larynx?

A

Thyroid gland is inferior of the larynx

28
Q

Opposite to what tracheal rings is the isthmus of the thyroid gland found?

A

2nd-4th tracheal rings

29
Q

List 3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid (anterior belly)

30
Q

Name 2 nerves that are found near the thyroid gland

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

31
Q

How is the thyroid anatomically positioned in relation to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Runs between trachea and oesophagus, and is close to the inferior thyroid artery

32
Q

How is the thyroid anatomically positioned in relation to the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve is found close to the superior thyroid artery

33
Q

From which artery does the superior thyroid artery arise form?

A

External carotid artery

34
Q

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise form?

A

Subclavian artery

35
Q

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

36
Q

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

37
Q

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

38
Q

What group of lymph nodes drains the thyroid gland lymph vessels?

A

Deep cervical group

39
Q

What makes up a follicle in the thyroid gland?

A

Hormones are stored in cavities which are surrounded by secretory cells. These together make up a follicle

40
Q

What is colloid?

A

Hormone bound to glycoprotein stored within follicles of the thyroid gland

41
Q

What type of cells surround the follicles of the thyroid gland?

A

Secretory follicular cells

Active secretion - epithelium more cuboidal
Resting - more squamous epithelium

42
Q

What colour does colloid stain with H&E staining?

A

Pink

43
Q

What do the clear/parafillicular/C cells of the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Calcitonin

44
Q

What hormones are secreted from the thyroid gland?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

45
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands found on the thyroid gland?

A

Lie on the lateral half of the posterior surface of each thyroid lobe, external to the thyroid fibrous capsule

46
Q

At what level are the superior parathyroid glands found?

A

Level of inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

47
Q

At what level are the inferior parathyroid glands found?

A

Usually near inferior poles of the thyroid, though variable

48
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the parathyroid glands

A

Predominantly from the inferior thyroid artery

49
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands

A

Via veins draining the thyroid (superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins) which drain into the internal jugular vein

50
Q

What is secreted from the parathyroid glands and what is its main function?

A

Parathyroid hormone - bone remodelling; in response to decreasing plasma concentration of calcium it stimulates osteoclasts

51
Q

What cells does parathyroid hormone act on?

A

Acts on osteoclasts to increase their activity to increase calcium release into the blood, while also suppressing calcium loss in urine by increasing reabsorption

52
Q

How are the suprarenal glands peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

53
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

54
Q

What is the embryological origin of the cortex of the adrenal glands?

A

Mesodermal epithelium

55
Q

What is the embryological origin of the medulla of the adrenal glands?

A

Neuroectoderm

56
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply of the suprarenal glands

A

Receive arterial blood from the suprarenal arteries, which arise from the inferior phrenic arteries, the aorta and the renal arteries

57
Q

What does the right suprarenal vein drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

58
Q

What does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

59
Q

What are the 3 distinct zones of the cortex of the adrenal glands and what do they each produce?

A

Outer zona glomerulus (thin) - mineralocorticoids

Middle zona fasciculata (thick) - glucocorticoids

Inner zona reticularis - androgens

60
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

61
Q

How can you differentiate between the endocrine portions of the pancreas from the exocrine portions?

A

Endocrine portion stains lighter

62
Q

What cells are found within the islets of langerhans and what do they secrete?

A

Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta cells - insulin
Delta cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

63
Q

What are the islets of langerhans?

A

The endocrine parts of the pancreas

64
Q

What arteries are found on the posterior side of the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery

Superior mesenteric artery

Anatomy for Systems (8 decks)

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