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Anatomy for Systems > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 parts of the brainstem from most superior to inferior

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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2
Q

Which part of the brainstem is just posterior to the optic chiasm?

A

Midbrain

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3
Q

Which part of the brainstem has the superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles?

A

Pons

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4
Q

Which part of the brainstem has the pyramids, decussation of the pyramids and olives?

A

Medulla

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5
Q

Which two vesicles of the embryological neural tube give rise to the brainstem?

A

Mesencephalon - midbrain

Rhombencephalon - metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) + myelocephalon (medulla)

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6
Q

What parts of the ventricular system of the brain lie within the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

4th ventricle

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

Abducens (VI) + Facial (VII) + Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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8
Q

Which cranial nerve that emerges from the pontomedullary junction has the longest intracranial course, and what is its clinical significance?

A

Abducens nerve - travels to superior orbital fissure, while all the others travels to the internal acoustic meatus

Makes it vulnerable to injury from increased intracranial pressure (convergent strabismus), though can cause false localising sign

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9
Q

What produces the pyramids, and what is their function?

A

Descending motor tracts - pyramidal tracts

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10
Q

What produces the decussation of the pyramids?

A

Where the motor fibres cross over to the contra-lateral side of the body

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11
Q

What produces the olives?

A

Neural cell bodies

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12
Q

What are the open and closed parts of the medulla?

A

Open - superior

Closed - inferior

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13
Q

What structure does the open part of the medulla open onto?

A

4th ventricle

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14
Q

What is the obex?

A

Point in human brain where 4th ventricle narrows to become central canal of the spinal cord, occurring in the caudal medulla where decussation occurs

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15
Q

What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made of, and what is its function?

A

Pontine nucleus of opposite hemisphere - connects cerebellum to pons

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16
Q

Which part of the brainstem has cerebral peduncles, and what are they made of?

A

Midbrain - contains ascending sensory fibres and descending motor fibres from the cortex, while connecting midbrain and cerebrum

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17
Q

Which part of the brain lies immediately superior to the midbrain?

A

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

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18
Q

Which part of the brain lies immediately inferior to the midbrain?

A

Rhombencephalon - metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) + myelocephalon (medulla)

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19
Q

On which part of the brainstem is the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

Midbrain

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20
Q

What projection is seen on the bottom surface of the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum/pituitary stalk

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21
Q

What is the name given to the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Vermis

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22
Q

List the lobes of the cerebellum

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe

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23
Q

Which part of the brain has tonsils?

A

Cerebellum

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24
Q

What part of the cerebellum lies above the foramen magnum and what is the clinical significance of this?

A

Cerebellar tonsils - when there is a sudden drop in intracranial pressure, the tonsils may herniate through the foramen magnum, which is referred to as “cerebellar coning”

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25
Q

What name is given to the large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

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26
Q

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum - made up of commissural fibres

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27
Q

What does the posterior aspect of the cerebrum lie on?

A

Tentorium cerebelli - covers cerebellum

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28
Q

In which lobe is the primary motor cortex?

A

Frontal lobe

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29
Q

In which lobe is the primary sensory cortex?

A

Parietal lobe

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30
Q

In which lobe is the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital lobe

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31
Q

In which lobe is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Temporal lobe

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32
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults and kids?

A

Adults - L1/L2

Kids - L2/L3

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33
Q

At what vertebral level does the dura mater terminate?

A

S2

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34
Q

At what vertebral level does the arachnoid mater terminate?

A

S2

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35
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Tapered lower end of the spinal cord

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36
Q

What happens to the pia mater after the spinal cord ends?

A

Reaches conus medullaris and extends as a thin filament called the filum terminale and attaches to the periosteum of the coccyx to become the coccygeal ligament

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37
Q

At what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture in adults and kids?

A

Adults - L3/L4

Kids - L4/L5

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38
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 (8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1Co)

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39
Q

Is damage to the cauda equina considered an upper or lower motor neurone lesion?

A

Lower motor neurone lesion

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40
Q

From which arteries do the left and right vertebral arteries arise?

A

Subclavian artery

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41
Q

How is the basilar artery formed and with which part of the brain is it most closely related to?

A

Union of vertebral arteries, found near the pons/pontomedullary junction

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42
Q

In which groove does the anterior cerebral artery travel?

A

Median longitudinal fissure

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43
Q

In which groove does the middle cerebral artery travel?

A

Lateral sylvian fissure

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44
Q

In which groove does the posterior cerebral artery travel?

A

Calcarine sulcus

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45
Q

Describe the blood supply to the primary motor cortex

A

Mainly MCA, small region by ACA

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46
Q

Describe the blood supply to the primary sensory cortex

A

Mainly MCA, small region by ACA

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47
Q

Describe the blood supply to the primary visual cortex

A

PCA (calcimine branch of PCA)

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48
Q

Describe the blood supply to the primary auditory area of the brain

A

MCA

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49
Q

Describe the blood supply to the areas of olfaction in the brain

A

MCA

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50
Q

What system supplies blood to the posterior aspect of the circle of willis?

A

Vertebro-basilar system - supplies the cerebellum, thalamus and the brainstem

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51
Q

What commonly occurs following an aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery?

A

Oculomotor palsy - CN III is found just under posterior cerebral artery and just over superior cerebellar artery. Down and out appearance of affected eye(s)

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52
Q

List the nerve supply components to the arteries of the brain

A

Carotid sinus - group of pressure receptors at junction of CCA and ICA; sensory nerves are from the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve

Carotid body - group of chemoreceptors on posterior wall of terminal part of CCA; sensory innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Sympathetic motor nerves - from superior cervical ganglion from plexus around ICA

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53
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the brain

A

Drained by a series of veins which drain into dural venous sinuses, which are present between the periosteum and the dura mater. These sinuses drain into the IJV, which exits via the jugular foramen of the skull

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54
Q

What veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A 
Ophthalmic veins
Superficial cerebral veins
Middle cerebral veins
Inferior cerebral veins
Sphenoparietal veins
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55
Q

How can an infection causing cavernous sinus thrombosis lead to bulging eyes?

A

Infections can spread intracranially through valveless veins via the connection go the facial vein to the superior ophthalmic vein. The cavernous sinus is found just behind the eye and therefore when inflammed can push the eyes outwards and cause paralysis to the nerves supplying them

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56
Q

Describe the blood supply to the spinal cord

A

Three longitudinal spinal arteries (1 anterior and 2 posterior) as well as multiple segmental spinal arteries supply the spinal cord

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57
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the spinal cord

A

Longitudinal anterior and posterior spinal veins join the internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus lying in the epidural space

58
Q

Where in terms of the meninges of the brain is CSF found?

A

Subarachnoid space

59
Q

Which structures does the falx cerebri separate?

A

Hemispheres of the cerebrum

60
Q

To which bony structures does the falx cerebri attach to?

A

Crista galli and internal occipital processes

61
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus

62
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

63
Q

Which structures does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

Cerebellum and occipital lobes

64
Q

To which bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to?

A

Clinoid processes of the sphenoid bone

65
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Straight sinus

66
Q

What dural fold separates the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebelli/cerebellar falx

67
Q

What fold of the dura surrounds the infundibulum?

A

Diaphragma sellae

68
Q

Which arteries supply the dura mater?

A

Branches of ICA, ECA and vertebral arteries

69
Q

In what part of the brain is the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle found?

A

Frontal lobe

70
Q

In what part of the brain is the body of the lateral ventricle found?

A

Parietal lobe

71
Q

In what part of the brain is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle found?

A

Occipital lobe

72
Q

In what part of the brain is the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle found?

A

Temporal lobe

73
Q

Where in the brain is the interventricular foramen (also known as at the Foramen of Monro)?

A

Diencephalon

74
Q

Where in the brain is the 3rd ventricle?

A

Diencephalon

75
Q

Where in the brain is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Midbrain

76
Q

Where in the brain is the 4th ventricle?

A

Pons and medulla

77
Q

What creates CSF and where is it found?

A

Choroid plexus - found on the lining of the ventricles

78
Q

How does CSF pass from the ventricular system back into the general circulation?

A

3 foramen in the 4th ventricle (1 medial and 2 lateral) allows drainage of CSF into the subarachnoid space, where it empties into the superior sagittal sinus via arachnoid villi/granulations, which itself drains into the IJV

79
Q

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum from most anterior to most posterior?

A

Rostrum
Genu
Body
Splenium

80
Q

What is the septum pallucidum, and what is found superiorly and inferiorly?

A

Thin sheet which lies in the midsagittal plane and separates the two anterior horns of the lateral ventricles.

Continued superiorly by the corpus callosum and inferiorly by the fornix.

81
Q

What is the fornix?

A

Bundle of fibres which connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

82
Q

What is the bulbous projection found on the floor of the lateral ventricles?

A

Caudate nucleus - member of basal ganglia

83
Q

Where does most of the sensory information of the body relay to?

A

Ventro-postero-lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus

84
Q

Where is the pineal gland in relation to the thalamus?

A

Pineal gland is found immediately posterior to the thalamus

85
Q

Where are the colliculi of the midbrain in relation to the pineal gland?

A

Colliculi are found inferior and lateral to the pineal gland

86
Q

List some functions of the hypothalamus

A 
Controls body temp
Hunger
Thirst
Fatigue
Hormone release
Motivated behaviours e.g. fear
87
Q

List the structures that make up the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus - putamen and globus pallidus
Substantia nigra

88
Q

What type of fibres connect the cerebral hemispheres with other parts of the brain?

A

Projection fibres

89
Q

What type of fibres connect the cerebral hemispheres with other regions within the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibres

90
Q

List the parts of the internal capsule

A

Anterior horn
Genu
Posterior horn

91
Q

Which cerebral artery supplies the internal capsule?

A

Branches of middle cerebral artery

92
Q

Where is the red nucleus in relation to the substantial nivea in the midbrain?

A

Red nucleus is found posterior to the substantia nigra

93
Q

List the features of a spinal cord segment in each region of the spinal cord

A

Cervical - large oval segment, long slender posterior and anterior horns

Thoracic - small, oval segment, slender posterior and anterior horns, lateral horns present

Lumbar - large round segment, bulbous horns

Sacral - small round segment, very bulbous horns, lateral horns present

94
Q

Which aspect of the spinal cord receives sensory information?

A

Posterior dorsal horns

95
Q

Which aspect of the spinal cord do motor nerves emerge?

A

Anterior ventral horns

96
Q

Through which foramen does the olfactory nerve pass through?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

97
Q

Through which foramen does the optic nerve pass through?

A

Optic canal

98
Q

Through which foramen does the oculomotor nerve pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

99
Q

Through which foramen does the trochlear nerve pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

100
Q

Through which foramen does the trigeminal nerve pass through?

A

Ophthalmic division - superior orbital fissure
Maxillary division - foramen rotundum
Mandibular division - foramen ovale

101
Q

Through which foramen does the abducens nerve pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

102
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve pass through?

A

Internal acoustic foramen

103
Q

Through which foramen does the vestibulocochlear nerve pass through?

A

Internal acoustic foramen

104
Q

Through which foramen does the glossopharyngeal nerve pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

105
Q

Through which foramen does the vagus nerve pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

106
Q

Through which foramen does the accessory nerve pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

107
Q

Through which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve pass through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

108
Q

Which cranial nerves travel through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve
Opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

109
Q

Which cranial nerves travel through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve

110
Q

What type of fibres are present in the olfactory nerve?

A

Special sensory - smell

111
Q

What type of fibres are present in the optic nerve?

A

Special sensory - sight

112
Q

What type of fibres are present in the oculomotor nerve?

A

Motor and parasympathetic

113
Q

What type of fibres are present in the trochlear nerve?

A

Motor to the superior oblique

114
Q

What type of fibres are present in the abducens nerve?

A

Motor to the lateral rectus

115
Q

What type of fibres are present in the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic - general sensory

Maxillary branch - general sensory

Mandibular branch - general sensory and motor

116
Q

What types of fibres are found in the facial nerve?

A

General sensory
Special sensory
Motor
Parasympathetic

117
Q

What types of fibres are found in the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Special sensory

118
Q

What types of fibres are found in the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

General sensory
Special sensory
Motor
Parasympathetic

119
Q

What types of fibres are found in the vagus nerve?

A

General sensory
Special sensory
Motor
Parasympathetic

120
Q

What plexus does the vagus nerve form part of and what does it innervate?

A

Pharyngeal plexus along with CN IX, innervates the palate and pharynx

121
Q

Name two branches of the pharyngeal plexus that innervate the muscles of the larynx

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

122
Q

What types of fibres are found in the accessory nerve?

A

Motor

123
Q

What types of fibres are found in the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Motor

124
Q

Which cranial nerves have a parasympathetic component?

A

Oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves

125
Q

Which cranial nerves are directly attached to the brain?

A

Olfactory (I) and optic (II)

126
Q

Which cranial nerves are directly attached to the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV)

127
Q

Which cranial nerve is the only to arise from the posterior aspect of the brain?

A

Trochlear (IV)

128
Q

Which cranial nerve is attached directly to the pons?

A

Trigeminal (V)

129
Q

Which cranial nerves are attached to the pontomedullary junction?

A

Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

130
Q

Which cranial nerves are attached to the medulla?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)

131
Q

Which cranial nerves are tested by the pupillary light reflex?

A

II (afferent) + (III) efferent

132
Q

Which cranial nerves would be tested by sticking their tongues out?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

133
Q

What is another name for the primary auditory cortex?

A

Brocas area

134
Q

What broadman region is the primary motor cortex?

A

4

135
Q

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

A

Relay and prioritise sensory information to the brain

136
Q

What V shaped strip of white matter is often implicated in strokes?

A

Internal capsule

137
Q

Name a part of the dorsal column pathway found in the pons

A

Medial lemniscus

138
Q

What are the dark staining bodies in neuronal cell bodies responsible for protein synthesis?

A

Nissl bodies

139
Q

What gyrus is the primary somatosensory area?

A

Post-central gyrus

140
Q

What type of neurons are the majority of peripheral sensory neurons?

A

Pseudo-unipolar

141
Q

Which of the meningeal layers is vascularised?

A

Pia mater

Anatomy for Systems (8 decks)

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