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Anatomy for Systems > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 parts of the skull

A

Neurocranium
Facial skull/viscero-cranium
Mandible

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2
Q

List the structure of a skull bone

A

Skull bones are mainly irregular bones
Compact bone found on surfaces
Diploe (spongy cancellous bone) in between layers of compact bone

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3
Q

Between what bones of the skull is the sagittal suture?

A

Between the 2 parietal bones

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4
Q

Between what bones of the skull is the coronal suture?

A

Between the frontal and parietal bones

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5
Q

Between what bones of the skull is the lambdoid suture?

A

Between the parietal and occipital bones

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6
Q

On what bone is the occipital protuberance found?

A

Occipital bone

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7
Q

On what bone is the mastoid process found on?

A

Temporal bone - sight of attachment for sternocleidomastoid and other muscles

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8
Q

What bones form the zygomatic arch?

A

Temporal bone (posteriorly) and zygomatic bone (anteriorly)

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9
Q

On what bone is the styloid process found on?

A

Temporal bone

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10
Q

In what bone is the pituitary fossa/hypophysial fossa found?

A

Sphenoid bone

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11
Q

What is the largest foramen found in the posterior cranial fossa and what passes through it?

A

Foramen magnum

Spinal cord and meninges
Right and left vertebral arteries and veins
Spinal branches of accessory nerves

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12
Q

What is the function of air sinuses and sacs?

A

Decrease the weight of the skull

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13
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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14
Q

In what bone are the ossicles found?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

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15
Q

Describe the extent of the scalp

A

Extends anteriorly to the supra-orbital margins of the frontal bone, posteriorly until the nuchal lines and laterally as far as the zygomatic arches

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16
Q

What bone creates the superior nuchal line?

A

Occipital bone

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17
Q

What joint is found between the bones of the zygomatic arch?

A

Zygomaticotemporal suture

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18
Q

What are the 5 layers of the SCALP?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis of the occcipitofrontalis muscle
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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19
Q

Describe the cutaneous innervation of the scalp

A

On anterior part, nerve supply is from branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) - opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

On posterior part, cervical nerves C2 and C3

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20
Q

What makes up the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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21
Q

In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels found?

A

2nd layer, connective tissue

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22
Q

What is the supratrochlear artery a branch of?

A

Internal carotid artery

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23
Q

What is the supra-orbital artery a branch of?

A

Internal carotid artery

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24
Q

What is the superficial temporal artery a branch of?

A

External carotid artery

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25
Q

What is the posterior auricular artery a branch of?

A

External carotid artery

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26
Q

What is the occipital artery a branch of?

A

External carotid artery

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27
Q

From what artery are most of the blood vessels of the scalp from?

A

External carotid artery

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28
Q

Where is an easy place to spot the superficial temporal artery?

A

In front of tragus of ear

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29
Q

What potential grave complication could arise from scalp infection due to presence of emissary veins?

A

Due to their valveless nature and their connection to both veins of the scalp and diploic veins, they can allow infections to spread intracranially

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30
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Valveless veins which connect the veins of the scalp to the diploic veins of the skull

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31
Q

What is another term for muscles of facial expression?

A

Mimetic muscles

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32
Q

What muscle of facial expression surrounds the eye?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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33
Q

What muscle of facial expression surrounds the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris

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34
Q

What innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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35
Q

From which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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36
Q

What type of gland is the parotid salivary gland?

A

Exocrine gland

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37
Q

Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?

A

Parotid duct runs along the masseter and pierces the buccinator to open into the vestibule of the mouth (between cheeks and gums) opposite the 2nd superior molar tooth

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38
Q

What structures pass through the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve CN VII
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein

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39
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system would be secretomotor to the parotid salivary duct?

A

Parasympathetic

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40
Q

Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the parotid duct?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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41
Q

Where does the sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland originate from?

A

Cervical ganglion through the external carotid nerve plexus

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42
Q

From which artery are the facial artery and the superficial temporal artery branches of?

A

External carotid artery

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43
Q

What bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face?

A

Mandible

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44
Q

What muscles lies directly posterior to the facial artery as it enters onto the face?

A

Masseter

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45
Q

Just before it enters onto the face, which gland does the facial artery groove?

A

Submandibular salivary gland

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46
Q

Where does the facial artery terminate?

A

Terminates as the angular artery by the eyes

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47
Q

Into which vein does the facial vein and superficial temporal vein of the face drain into?

A

External jugular vein

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48
Q

What are the 4 compartments of the neck?

A

Vertebral compartment
Vascular compartment
Visceral compartment
Musculofascial collar

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49
Q

What is found within the vertebral compartment of the neck?

A

Cervical vertebrae and postural muscles

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50
Q

What is found within the vascular compartment of the neck?

A

One on each side

Contains major blood vessels and vagus nerve

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51
Q

What is found within the visceral compartment of the neck?

A 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Oesophagus
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52
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7 (C1-C7)

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53
Q

What kind of joint is found between the occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)?

A

Synovial condyloid joint

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54
Q

What kind of joint is found between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) at the odontoid peg?

A

Synovial pivot joint

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55
Q

What structures pass through the foramen transversium?

A

Vertebral arteries, veins and nerves

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56
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

C7 - has a long and easily palpable spinous process

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57
Q

Describe a typical cervical vertebrae

A

Short bifid spinous process (change the lower they are)
Transverse foramen within transverse foramen
Triangular vertebral foramen

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58
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Proximal - lateral surface of mastoid process

Distal - sternal head and clavicular head

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59
Q

If the right sternocleidomastoid contracted:

a) to which side would the head tilt?
b) to which side would the face turn?

A

a. head would tilt right

b. face would turn left

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60
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A

Turns/tilts head
Shrugs and steadies shoulders
Moves scapula

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61
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

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62
Q

In which triangle of the neck is the accessory nerve found?

A

Posterior triangle

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63
Q

Between which muscles of the neck does the brachial plexus emerge from?

A

Between anterior and middle scalene muscles of the neck

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64
Q

From which artery is the right common carotid artery a branch of?

A

Brachiocephalic artery

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65
Q

From which artery is the left common carotid artery a branch of?

A

Branches straight off the aortic arch

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66
Q

What structures are found within the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

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67
Q

At what vertebral level does the common carotid artery split into the internal and external carotid arteries?

A

C4/C5 - near upper border of thyroid

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68
Q

Which branch of the CCA gives off branches in the neck?

A

ECA

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69
Q

Which of the two branches of the CCA is the most lateral?

A

ICA

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70
Q

Whats the two terminal branches of the ECA given off in the face?

A

Maxillary artery

Superficial temporal artery

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71
Q

List the branches of the ECA

Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students

A

Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students

Superficial temporal artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superior thyroid artery
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72
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein emerge from the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

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73
Q

Which vein does the IJV merge with to form a then larger vein as it drains down from the neck?

A

Merges with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein

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74
Q

How can you tell between the internal and external jugular veins on the specimens?

A

Internal is found under the sternocleidomastoid

External is superficial to the sternocleidomastoid

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75
Q

Into what vein does the EJV drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

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76
Q

Where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the vascular contents of the carotid sheath?

A

Found in between the artery and vein; found most posteriorly

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77
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the carotid sheath?

A

Found deep to the carotid sheet between C3-C5

Supplies diaphragm

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78
Q

What is the only bone in the body that doesn’t articulate with another bone?

A

Hyoid bone

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79
Q

List the suprahyoid muscles

A

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Myelohoid

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80
Q

List the infrahyoid muscles

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid

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81
Q

What 4 sets of muscles attach to the hyoid bone?

A

Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles (middle)

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82
Q

Describe the innervation of the suprahyoid muscles

A

Digastric - inferior alveolar nerve (anterior belly) + digastric branch of facial nerve (posterior belly)

Stylohyoid - facial nerve

Geniohyoid - C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Myelohoid - mandibular division of trigeminal (CN V3)

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83
Q

Describe the innervation of the infrahyoid muscles

A

Sternohyoid - C1-C3

Sternothyroid - C2 + C3

Thyrohyoid - C1 via hypoglossal nerve

Omohyoid - C1-C3

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84
Q

What is the cervical plexus?

A

Somatic nerve plexus arising from vertebral roots C1-C4 which innervates the back of the head and some neck muscles.

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85
Q

Where does the cervical plexus roots emerge from?

A

Between anterior and middle scalene muscles

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86
Q

Name a nerve that emerges from the cervical plexus and travels down the thorax

A

Phrenic nerve

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87
Q

What is the ansa cervicalis?

A

Loop formed from C1-C3 which innervates all infrahyoid muscles except the thyrohyoid

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88
Q

At what level is the isthmus of the thyroid gland found?

A

~C7

Anterior to 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

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89
Q

What is the main action of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Elevate hyoid

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90
Q

What is the main action of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Depress hyoid

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91
Q

In which of the four compartments is the thyroid gland in the neck?

A

Visceral compartment

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92
Q

Describe the position of the recurrent and external laryngeal nerves to the thyroid gland

A

Recurrent - behind isthmus

External - superficial to thyroid gland

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93
Q

Name the parts of the mandible

A 
Ramus 
Angle 
Body 
Condyle/Condyloid process 
Coronoid process 
Mental foramen 
Symphysis 
Mandibular foramen
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94
Q

What nerve travels in the mandibular foramen?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve

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95
Q

What nerve travels in the mental foramen?

A

The mental nerve, a terminal branch of inferior alveolar nerve, and the mental artery leave the mandibular canal through it.

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96
Q

How many adult teeth are there?

A

32

8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars

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97
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there?

A

20

  • Incisor (8)
  • Canine (4)
  • Molar (8)
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98
Q

What anatomical changes are seen in edentulous mandible?

A

Alveolar processes are reabsorbed as not used (atrophy as bone and muscle = smaller thinner mandible)

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99
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Synovial modified hinge joint

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100
Q

What processes form the TMJ joint?

A

Temporomandibular joint

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Condyloid process of mandible

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101
Q

List 5 movements that occur at the TMJ

A 
Elevation 
Depression
Protrusion
Retraction 
Side to side
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102
Q

List the 4 muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis (superficial)
Masseter (superficial)
Lateral Pterygoid (deep)
Medial pterygoid (deep)

Superficial if above mandible, deep if below mandible

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103
Q

What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?

A

Temporal fossa

Coronoid process of mandible

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104
Q

What is the fibre orientation of the anterior temporalis muscle?

A

Vertical

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105
Q

What is the fibre orientation of the posterior temporalis muscle?

A

Horizontal

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106
Q

What would happen to the mandible if the anterior fibres of the temporalis contract?

A

Elevation of mandible

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107
Q

What would happen to the mandible if the posterior fibres of the temporalis contract?

A

Retracts jaw

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108
Q

List the bony attachments of the masseter

A

Zygomatic arch

Outer surface of ramus and angular process of the mandible

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109
Q

List the site of bony attachment of the lateral pterygoid

A

Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

Neck of mandible

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110
Q

List the site of bony attachment of the medial pterygoid

A

Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

Medial surface of angle of mandible

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111
Q

What action occurs when the two lateral pterygoids contract?

A

protrusion of mandible

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112
Q

What action occurs when the two medial pterygoids contract?

A

elevation of mandible

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113
Q

What action occurs when the lateral and medial pterygoids on the same side contract?

A

chewing - side to side

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114
Q

What muscles are responsible for depression of the mandible?

A

Suprahyoid muscles along with gravity

Digastric, myelohyoid and stylohyoid

115
Q

What muscles produce elevation of the mandible?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid

116
Q

What muscle produces protrusion of the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid

117
Q

What muscle produces retraction of the mandible?

A

Posterior horizontal fibres of the temporalis

118
Q

What muscles produce side to side movements of the mandible?

A

Temporalis (ipsilateral)

Contralateral pterygoids

119
Q

Describe the innervation of the muscles of mastication

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - sensory and motor

120
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

Traps dirt
Respiration
Humidification of inspired air
Olfaction

121
Q

With which bone does the two nasal bones articulate with superiorly?

A

Frontal bone

Site - nasion

122
Q

With which bone does the two nasal bones articulate with laterally?

A

Frontal process of the maxilla bone

123
Q

What forms the roof of the nose?

A

Nasal bones
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone (contains cribriform plate)
Sphenoid bone

124
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Palatine processes of the maxilla
Palatine bone
Soft palate

125
Q

What bones make up the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Vomer

Finished at tip by septal cartilage

126
Q

What attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone?

A

Falx cerebri

127
Q

What bones form the hard palate?

A

Palatine process of the maxilla

Horizontal plate of the palatine bone

128
Q

What type of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa lining most of the nasal cavity?

A

Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium

Roof lined by olfactory mucosa

129
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the olfactory mucosa on the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

130
Q

Which bone allows the olfactory nerve fibres into the nasal cavity?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

131
Q

What is the function of the conchae/turbinates?

A

Provide an increased surface area for air to be humidified and to create laminar air flow

132
Q

What name is given to ten space above the superior concha?

A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess - receives opening of sphenoidal sinus

133
Q

What bone are the superior and middle turbinates parts of?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

134
Q

Describe the blood supply and drainage of the nose

A

Branches of ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA+ branches of ECA

Venous plexus drains nose

135
Q

What are paranasal air sinuses?

A

Group of 4 paired air filled sacs - extension of respiratory tract in nasal cavity in cranial bones

Frontal ethmoidal sphenoidal maxillary

136
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal air sinuses?

A

Increases resonation of voice
Decreases weight of skull
Buffer against trauma

137
Q

What is the clinical significance that the respiratory mucosa is continuous with the lining of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Infection can spread from nasal cavity into the sinuses, causing inflammation and sinusitis

138
Q

Which air cells drain into the sphenoid-ehtmoidal recess?

A

Sphenoidal sinuses

139
Q

Which air cells drain into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

140
Q

Which air cells drain into the middle meatus?

A

Middle ethmoidal air cells
Anterior ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary air cells
Frontal air cells

141
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct from the lacrimal sac

142
Q

Which sinus doesn’t drain well and why?

A

Maxillary sinus - its opening is not at its most inferior part and therefore secretions don’t drain well

143
Q

Which air sinus is often indented by tooth sockets?

A

Maxillary sinus

144
Q

The pain sensation caused by sinusitis is carried by which nerve?

A

Branches of trigeminal nerve (innervates sinuses)

145
Q

Which branch of CN V innervates the frontal air sinus?

A

V1

146
Q

Which branch of CN V innervates the sphenoidal air sinus?

A

V1 and V2

147
Q

Which branch of CN V innervates the maxillary air sinus?

A

V2

148
Q

Which branch of CN V innervates the ethmoidal air sinus?

A

V1

149
Q

What is the vestibule of the mouth?

A

Space between teeth, lips and cheeks

150
Q

What muscle makes up the lateral walls of the oral cavity, and what innervates it?

A

Buccinator - facial nerve

151
Q

What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?

A

Oropharyngeal isthmus - junction between soft and hard palate

152
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A 
Moving food during chewing
Speech
Taste
Oral cleansing
Swallowing
153
Q

What V shaped sulcus divides the tongue into the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?

A

Terminal sulcus

154
Q

What is the foramen caecum?

A

Small pit on terminal sulcus, is a non-functional remnant of the proximal part of the thyroglossal duct from which the thyroid gland develops

155
Q

What are the different types of papillae found on the anterior surface of the tongue?

A

Filiform
Foliate - contain taste buds
Vallate - contain taste buds
Fungiform papillae - contain taste buds

156
Q

What are the projections on the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Lingual tonsils - submucosal lymphoid tissue

157
Q

What fold of mucous membrane fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Frenulum

158
Q

What duct has openings on the sublingual caruncles?

A

Submandibular ducts

159
Q

Describe the motor innervation of the muscles of the tongue

A

All by hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except palatoglossus which is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus (CN X)

160
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3 - general sensory = lingual nerve from mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3); taste sensation = chorda tympani branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

Posterior 1/3 - general sensory and taste sensation from glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

161
Q

What are the two types of muscles of the tongue and what is their function?

A

Intrinsic - change shape of tongue

Extrinsic - alter position of tongue

162
Q

Describe the attachment of the genioglossus and its action

A

Upper border of mandible

Protrudes tongue to opposite side

163
Q

Describe the attachment of the hyoglossus and its action

A

Inner surface of hyoid close to mandible

Depresses tongue

164
Q

Describe the attachment of the styloglossus and its action

A

Distal styloid process

Retrudes tongue and curls sides

165
Q

Describe the attachment of the palatoglossus and its action

A

Soft palate

Elevates posterior tongue or depresses soft palate

166
Q

When the nerve enervating the right genioglossus is damaged, which side of the mouth would you expect the tongue to deviate to when asking to stick their tongue out?

A

Right side - inability of right genioglossus to deviate it to the left
right hypoglossal palsy

167
Q

Name the 3 paired are salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

168
Q

What nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

169
Q

What nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular gland?

A

Chorda tympani of the facial nerve

170
Q

What nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the sublingual gland?

A

Chorda tympani of the facial nerve

171
Q

Name the 5 muscles of the soft palate and their innervation

A

Tensor veli palatini - medial pterygoid nerve (branch of V3)
Levator veli palatini - pharyngeal plexus
Palatoglossus - pharyngeal plexus
Palatopharyngeus - pharyngeal plexus
Muscularis uvulae - pharyngeal plexus

172
Q

What is the collective function of the muscles making up the soft palate?

A

Seal off oral passage, squeezes food to back of cavity and prevents bolus entering nasal cavity

173
Q

What structure is found between the folds of mucosa overlying the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus?

A

Palatine tonsil

174
Q

What is the depression found between the back of the tongue and in front of the epiglottis called?

A

Vallecula

175
Q

Between which anatomical landmarks is the pharynx found?

A

Cranial base to the inferior border of C6 vertebrae posteriorly

176
Q

What forms the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

Underside of sphenoid and basal part of occipital bone

177
Q

In relation to the larynx, where does the pharynx lie?

A

Pharynx is superior and slightly posterior to the larynx

178
Q

Describe the structure of the pharynx wall

A

Outer muscular layer - outer circular (three constrictor muscles) + inner longitudinal (made up of stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus)

Middle fibrous layer

Inner mucous membrane

179
Q

Which muscle making up part of the inner longitudinal muscle of the pharynx surrounds the eustachian tube and aids in opening it?

A

Salpingopharyngeus

180
Q

What innervates the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus - CN IX + CN X
Glossopharyngeal - sensory
Vagus - motor

181
Q

What is the role played by the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

During swallowing these constrict to push bolus downwards

182
Q

What is the role played by the longitudinal muscle layer of muscles during swallowing?

A

Elevate and shorten larynx during swallowing and speech

183
Q

What is the name of the lymphoid tissue surrounding the entrance to the oropharynx and its purpose?

A

Pharyngeal lymphoid ring or Waldeyer’s ring - protection go infection from inspired air

184
Q

Where are the nasopharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids) found?

A

Near connection of oropharynx to nasopharynx, can cause scoring in kids if large

185
Q

Prominence on which cartilage of the larynx produces the Adams apple in males?

A

Laryngeal prominence on thyroid cartilage

186
Q

Which cartilage of the larynx is paired?

A

Arytenoid

187
Q

Which cartilage of the larynx is a complete ring?

A

Cricoid cartilage

188
Q

Which membrane of the larynx is found inferior to the vocal cords, and what is its clinical significance?

A

Cricothyroid cartilage - if vocal cords become inflamed and cause stridor can get emergency airway access through this membrane

189
Q

What controls movement of the vocal cords?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx control the movement the vocal fold as well as controlling her diameter of the laryngeal inlet

190
Q

Describe the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

All by recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus) except for cricothyroid muscle which is supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)

191
Q

Which nerve is vulnerable during neck surgery?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - dissection would cause voice to become hoarse (unilateral) or lost (bilateral)

192
Q

What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the larynx?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal)

193
Q

Describe the position of the vocal folds during:

a. normal respiration
b. rapid breathing e.g. exercise
c. speaking/singing

A

a. abducted
b. full abducted
c. adducted

194
Q

What is the anatomical term for the false cords?

A

Vestibular folds

195
Q

What is the ventricle of the larynx?

A

Space between false and true cords

196
Q

What is the vestibule of the larynx?

A

Space between laryngeal inlet and vestibular folds

197
Q

What passes through the optic foramen?

A 
Optic nerve (CN II)
Opthalmic artery
198
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Opthalmic division of trigeminal (CN V1)
Opthalmic veins
Sympathetic fibres from cavernous sinus
199
Q

Which foramen of the orbit separates the wings of the sphenoid?

A

Superior orbital fissure

200
Q

What passes though the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (V2)

201
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Outer fibrous layer - complete all way around
Middle vascular layer - incomplete anteriorly
Inner sensory layer - found posteriorly

202
Q

What are the components of the outer fibrous layer of the eye?

A

Sclera - tough and opaque

Cornea - transparent

203
Q

What are the components of the middle vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body - secretes aqueous humor
Iris

204
Q

What are the components of the inner sensory layer of the eye?

A

Retina

205
Q

What divides the eye into the anterior and posterior segment?

A

Lens

206
Q

What is found in the anterior compartment of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor - watery fluid

207
Q

What is found in the posterior compartment of the eye?

A

Vitreous humor - gel like

208
Q

What is the junction between the choroid and retina called

A

Ora serrata

209
Q

List the intrinsic muscles of the eye, their location, action and innervation

A

Ciliaris - within ciliary body, for accommodation, parasympathetic from CN III

Constrictor papillae - pupillary border of iris, constriction of iris, parasympathetic from CN III

Dilator papillae - radially around iris, contracts to increase diameter of lens, sympathetic innervation

210
Q

What is the anatomical term for looking laterally away from the nose?

A

Abduction

211
Q

What is the anatomical term for looking medially towards your nose?

A

Adduction

212
Q

Describe intorsion

A

When the top of the eye rotates towards the nose

213
Q

Describe extortion

A

When the top of the eye rotates away from the eye

214
Q

What is the anatomical term for looking up?

A

Elevation/supraduction

215
Q

What is the anatomical term for looking down?

A

Depression/infraduction

216
Q

List the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye and movements they cause

A

Medial rectus - abduction

Lateral rectus - adduction

Superior rectus - elevation when abducted, adduction and intorsion

Inferior rectus - depression when abducted, adduction and extortion

Superior oblique - depression, abduction and intorsion

Inferior oblique - elevation when adducted, abduction and extorsion

217
Q

What muscle is also considered an extrinsic muscle of the eye despite it not acting on the eyeball itself?

A

Levator palpabrae superioris - innervated by CN III, elevates upper eyelid

218
Q

Which is the only extrinsic eye muscle that doesn’t arise from the posterior aspect of the eye?

A

Inferior oblique

219
Q

What ligaments that prevent overabduction and over adduction of the eye?

A

Check ligaments - found on medial and lateral sides of eyes

220
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the eye?

A

Connects ciliary body to lens to hold it in place

Prevent downwards displacement of the eye

221
Q

What artery supplies the eye and what is it a branch of?

A

Ophthalmic artery - branch of ICA

222
Q

What nerve innervates the superior oblique?

A

Trochlear nerve

223
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral rectus?

A

Abducens nerve

224
Q

What type of joint is found between the ossicles?

A

Synovial

225
Q

Which ossicle is found directly attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

226
Q

Which ossicle is found directly attached to the oval window?

A

Stapes

227
Q

Name two muscles related to the ossicles and their location

A

Tensor tympani - long muscle found along eustachian tube and connects malleus to tympanic membrane

Stapedius - attached to stapes and surrounding bone, small and short muscle

228
Q

What is the action of the tensor tympani?

A

Pull malleus medially and tenses TM to reduce vibration to prevent damage

229
Q

What is the action of the stapedius?

A

Pulls stapes posteriorly to prevent excessive movement of the stapes

230
Q

What is the central part of the bony labyrinth found between the cochlea and SCCs called?

A

Vestibule of the ear

231
Q

Which two areas does the middle ear communicate with and via what connections?

A

Nasopharynx via eustachian tube

Mastoid air cells via mastoid antrum

232
Q

Within which bone is the middle and inner ear found?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

233
Q

Describe the structure and contents of the inner ear

A

Inner ear consists of bone lined chambers called the bony labyrinth, which contains potassium poor perilymph. Within these are a series of membraneous chambers called the membranous labyrinth, which contains potassium risk endolymph.

234
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve leave the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Internal auditory meatus

235
Q

What exits the posterior cranial fossa via the internal auditory meatus?

A

Facial nerve

Vestibulocochlear nerve

236
Q

What does the facial nerve do as it travels through the middle ear?

A

Runs in facial canal on medial wall, and gives of chorda tympani which supplies parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, as well as taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

237
Q

Where do the efferent lymphatics from the right jugular lymph trunk drain into?

A

Venous angle - junction of IVC and subclavian vein

238
Q

Where do the efferent lymphatics from the left jugular lymph trunk drain into?

A

Thoracic duct

239
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the scalp around the parotid gland, lateral parts of the eyelids and middle ear?

A

Parotid nodes

240
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the cheek region?

A

Buccal nodes

241
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the anterior tongue tip and the central part of the mouth and chin?

A

Submental nodes

242
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the front of the scalp, nose, lips, air sinuses, teeth, anterior tongue, floor of the mouth and efferent lymph nodes from the submental lymph nodes?

A

Submandibular nodes

243
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the middle region of the scalp and the external auditory meatus?

A

Mastoid nodes

244
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the back of the scalp?

A

Occipital lymph nodes

245
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the superficial structures of the anterior neck?

A

Anterior cervical nodes

246
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the parotid nodes, the angle of the mandible and structures that lie at the junction between the neck, face and scalp?

A

Superficial cervical

247
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the nasopharynx, auditory tube and the upper cervical vertebral column?

A

Retropharyngeal nodes

248
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the larynx and adjacent structures?

A

Pharyngeal nodes

249
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the trachea and thyroid gland?

A

Tracheal nodes

250
Q

Which bone forms the posterior border of the anterior cranial fossa and the anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Lesser wings of sphenoid bone

251
Q

Which bones form the floor of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid and temporal bone (squamous and petrous part)

252
Q

Which bone forms the posterior border of the middle cranial fossa and the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Temporal bone

253
Q

Which four bones form the pterion?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid

254
Q

Which bone forms the posterior boundary of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital bone

255
Q

What strutures pass through the tiny foramina of the skull?

A

Emissery veins and nerves

256
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary branch of trigeminal (V2)

257
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3) - inferior alveolar nerve

258
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery - supplies pterion

259
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Nerve of pterygoid canal

260
Q

What passes through the carotid canal found in the groove of the foramen lacerum?

A

Internal carotid artery

261
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Internal jugular vein

262
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal foramen?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

263
Q

What results from an injury to the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery found on inner surface of thin part of bone and easy damaged, resulting in a extradural haemorrhage. Forms biconvex lens shaped lesion on scans due to the dura mater being connected to periosteum by sutures

264
Q

What forms the sigmoid sinus?

A

Internal jugular vein

265
Q

What is the depression in the midline in the middle cranial fossa that houses the pituitary gland?

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

266
Q

What are the 4 projections surrounding the sella turcica called and what is their purpose?

A

Anterior and posterior clinoid processes

Sites of attachment for the tentorium cerebelli

267
Q

What are the grooves found on either side of the sella turcica called?

A

Cavernous sinus

268
Q

From which bone are the pterygoid plates a part of?

A

Sphenoid bone

269
Q

Which bones make up the base of the skull?

A 
Palatine process of the maxilla
Horizontal plate of palatine bones
Sphenoid
Vomer
Temporal
Occipital bone
270
Q

What muscles attach to the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid?

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

271
Q

What type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the vast of the skull?

A

Intramembraneous ossification

272
Q

What type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of the base of the skull?

A

Endochondral ossification

273
Q

What differences are seen in skulls of babies and those of adults?

A

Fontanelles - closed in adults
Dentition - more in adults
Tympanic membrane - deeper in adults
Styloid and mastoid processes - developed as you age

274
Q

How long does it take for the anterior fontanelle to fuse?

A

18-24 months

275
Q

How long does it take for the posterior fontanelle to fuse?

A

8 weeks (1-3 months)

276
Q

What type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (except not keratinised on fungiform papillae)

277
Q

What type of muscle fibres are found underneath the epithelium of the tongue?

A

Skeletal intrinsic muscle

278
Q

Describe the changes in stating on histology of serous acing and mucous acini

A

Serous - secrete proteins, stain strongly

Mucous - secrete mucus, stain poorly

279
Q

What cells in salivary glands help squeeze secretions out of acini?

A

Myoepithelial cells

280
Q

Describe the staining of the parotid salivary gland

A

Secretion is predominantly serous, so stains darkly

281
Q

Describe the staining of the submandibular salivary gland

A

Mixed - mixture of dark and lightly stained cells

282
Q

Describe the staining of the sublingual salivary gland

A

Secretions are predominantly mucous, so stain light

283
Q

What conditions are associated with the premature closure of the fontanelles?

A

Hydrocephalus
Meningitis
Increased intracranial pressure

Anatomy for Systems (8 decks)

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