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Biology 216 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an endocrine organ?

A

it is an organ that secretes its product directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What is an exocrine organ?

A

they secrete their products into ducts that lead somewhere else

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3
Q

What do endocrine organs secrete?

A

they secrete hormones

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4
Q

What are the two characteristics of hormones?

A

They circulate in the bloodstream and they have a target tissue with specific receptors

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5
Q

What are the structures of the endocrine system? (hint: there are eleven)

A

Heart, pancreas, kidney, adrenal glands, gonads, brain, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus.

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6
Q

What is the part of the brain that is known as the master regulator

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

The hypothalamus affects what other portion of the brain known as the master gland?

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are physically connected by what?

A

infundibulum

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9
Q

What are the two types of hormones stored in the hypothalamus?

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones

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10
Q

How does the hypothalamus release hormones into the anterior pituitary?

A

the network of blood vessels

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11
Q

what is the regulator of the pituitary gland?

A

the hypothalamus

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12
Q

What are the releasing hormones associated with the hypothalamus?

A 
CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone.
TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
GHRH: growth hormone-releasing hormone.
GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
PRF: prolactin-releasing factor.
MRF: melanocyte releasing factor.
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13
Q

What is the inhibiting hormone associated with the hypothalamus?

A

PIH: prolactin inhibiting hormone.

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14
Q

What are the two methods of communication between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?

A

The Hypophyseal portal system and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

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15
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

this is done through the blood, from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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16
Q

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

A

this is done through neurons; from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

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17
Q

How many main hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone.
LH: Luteinizing hormone
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone
PRL: prolactin
GH: growth hormone
MSH: melanocyte stimulating hormone.
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18
Q

What is important about the hormones associated with the anterior pituitary?

A

These hormones are only released from the anterior pituitary if the hypothalamus directs them to.

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19
Q

What are the two hormones associated with the posterior hypothalamus?

A

Oxytocin and ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

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20
Q

What are the two portions of the pituitary goland?

A

The Ant. and Post. Pituitary

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21
Q

What is the makeup of the anterior pituitary?

A

This is made up of epithelial tissue and produces and releases hormones

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22
Q

What is the makeup of the neural tissue?

A

This is made up of neural tissue and only releases hormones

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23
Q

Because the post. pituitary only secretes hormones it cannot technically be considered what?

A

It cannot technically be considered an endocrine organ

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24
Q

Where do the adrenal glands sit?

A

Superior to the kidneys

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25
Q

What are the two layers of the adrenal glands?

A

Inner medulla and the outer cortex

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26
Q

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, and the Zona reticularis (deep)

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27
Q

What hormones affects the adrenal glands?

A

ACTH

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28
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

mineralocorticoids

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29
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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30
Q

what does the zona reticularis produce?

A

sex hormones/ androgens/ gonocorticoids.

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31
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

Excessive ACTH secretion

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32
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Insufficient ACTH secretion?

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33
Q

What hormone affects the thyroid gland?

A

TRH

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34
Q

What is the stimulating process of the thyroid gland?

A

TRH -> anterior pituitary -> TSH -> T3 and T4

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35
Q

what are the two forms of thyroid hormone?

A

T3: active form
T4: thyroxine

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36
Q

Where is the thyroid hormone produced?

A

by the follicular cells within the thyroid gland

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37
Q

What is required to produce the thyroid hormone?

A

iodine

38
Q

What causes a goiter?

A

inadequate iodine= inadequate production of thyroid hormone

39
Q

What are the two main hormones that effect the testes and ovaries?

A

FSH and LH

40
Q

What does LH do in the female?

A

stimulated ovulation

41
Q

what does LH do in males?

A

stimulates testosterone production.

42
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

causes the egg to mature

43
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

causes the sperm to mature

44
Q

What does GH do?

A

visually targets every type of cell in the body and has major effects on muscle and bone

45
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of hyposecretion of GH?

A

dwarfism

46
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of hypersecretion of GH?

A

Gigantism

47
Q

What hormone targets the mammary gland?

A

Prolactin; PRL

48
Q

What is PRL responsible for?

A

Stimulating milk production within the breast

49
Q

Where does milk production begin?

A

mammary lobule, then goes to the lactiferous ducts, and then the lactiferous sinuses.

50
Q

Where is milk released?

A

through the nipple.

51
Q

What surrounds the nipple?

A

the areola

52
Q

Why does the pigment of the areola change during pregnancy?

A

so it is more visible to the baby

53
Q

pattern for ovulation stimulation and testosterone production?

A

GnRH-> ant. pit. -> LH -> ovaries & testes->ovulation and testosterone production

54
Q

maturation of the egg and sperm

A

GnRH-> ant. pit. -> FSH -> ovaries & testes

55
Q

production of thyroid hormone?

A

TRH-> ant. pit. -> TSH -> thyroid gland -> thyroid hormones

56
Q

process to get to milk production?

A

PRF-> ant. pit. ->PRL-> breasts

57
Q

process to muscle and bone growth?

A

GHRH->ant. pit. ->GH -> muscles and bone

58
Q

process to melanin production?

A

MRF->anterior pituitary gland->MSH->melanocytes-> melanin

59
Q

process of the stress response

A

CRH-> ant. pit. -> ACTH-> adrenal cortex-> cortisol

60
Q

What “endocrine gland” does not produce any hormones

A

the posterior pituitary

61
Q

What are the two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin.

62
Q

What is ADH?

A

It is antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin.

63
Q

What is ADH responsible for?

A

Conserves water in the kidneys and regulates water balance in the body

64
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of low ADH

A

Diabetes Insipidus

65
Q

What are the responsibilities of oxytocin?

A

stimulates uterine contractions, milk release, and acts as the cuddle hormone.

66
Q

What is the drug form of oxytocin and given to induce labor?

A

Pitocin

67
Q

What two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine?

68
Q

What are EPI and NE responsible for initiating?

A

the fight or flight reflex.

69
Q

How is the adrenal medulla stimulated?

A

sympathetic nerve stimulation

70
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas known as?

A

Islets of Langerhans

71
Q

What are the two cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha cells: secretes glucagon

Beta cells: secretes insulin

72
Q

What two things work against each other to regulate blood sugar?

A

glucagon and insulin

73
Q

Glucagon will _______ blood sugar through the breaking down of glycogen into glucose?

A

RAISE

occurs during periods of fasting or increased metabolic demand

74
Q

Insulin will _______ blood sugar by promoting uptake of glucose in the blood into the cells of the body.

A

LOWER

occurs after eating or decreased metabolic demand.

75
Q

What works together to regulate Ca++ levels?

A

parafollicular cells and the parathyroid glands.

76
Q

Where are the parafollicular cells of the thyroid?

A

Between thyroid follicles?

77
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

four small nodules on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

78
Q

What is released when calcium is too high?

A

Calcitonin (CT)

79
Q

What is released when blood calcium is too low?

A

Parathyroid hormone

80
Q

What is produced when the atria is over stretched?

A

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

81
Q

What is produced when the right ventricles is over stretched?

A

BNP (brain natriuretic peptide)

82
Q

How does the kidneys respond to the heart being strethched?

A

increasing urine production; this removes water and blood volume and pressure.

83
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

melatonin

84
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

regulates circadian rhythm,.

85
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

produces thymosin and directs the differentiation of T cells.

86
Q

What are the two branches of the gonads?

A

Ovaries- estrogen

Testes- testosterone

87
Q

What are the two hormones that are released by the kidneys?

A

EP (erythropoietin)- released in response to low blood volume and
Renin: this is released response to low blood flow resulting from low blood pressure

88
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Stimulates the production of RBCS

89
Q

What does Renin do?

A

Stimulates the release of ADH and aldosterone leading to water retention and increased thirst

90
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the intestines?

A

Gastrin and CCK

91
Q

Where is Gastrin produced?

A

by the stomach

92
Q

Where is CCK (cholecystokinin)

A

in the duodenum

Biology 216 (7 decks)

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