Endocrine System Flashcards by Lacie Corbin

What is an endocrine organ?

it is an organ that secretes its product directly into the bloodstream

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What is an exocrine organ?

they secrete their products into ducts that lead somewhere else

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What do endocrine organs secrete?

they secrete hormones

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What are the two characteristics of hormones?

They circulate in the bloodstream and they have a target tissue with specific receptors

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What are the structures of the endocrine system? (hint: there are eleven)

Heart, pancreas, kidney, adrenal glands, gonads, brain, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus.

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What is the part of the brain that is known as the master regulator

hypothalamus

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The hypothalamus affects what other portion of the brain known as the master gland?

pituitary gland

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the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are physically connected by what?

infundibulum

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What are the two types of hormones stored in the hypothalamus?

releasing and inhibiting hormones

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How does the hypothalamus release hormones into the anterior pituitary?

the network of blood vessels

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what is the regulator of the pituitary gland?

the hypothalamus

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What are the releasing hormones associated with the hypothalamus?

CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone.
TRH: thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
GHRH: growth hormone-releasing hormone.
GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
PRF: prolactin-releasing factor.
MRF: melanocyte releasing factor.

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What is the inhibiting hormone associated with the hypothalamus?

PIH: prolactin inhibiting hormone.

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What are the two methods of communication between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?

The Hypophyseal portal system and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

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What is the hypophyseal portal system?

this is done through the blood, from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

this is done through neurons; from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

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How many main hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary gland?

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone.
LH: Luteinizing hormone
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone
PRL: prolactin
GH: growth hormone
MSH: melanocyte stimulating hormone.

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What is important about the hormones associated with the anterior pituitary?

These hormones are only released from the anterior pituitary if the hypothalamus directs them to.

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What are the two hormones associated with the posterior hypothalamus?

Oxytocin and ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

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What are the two portions of the pituitary goland?

The Ant. and Post. Pituitary

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What is the makeup of the anterior pituitary?

This is made up of epithelial tissue and produces and releases hormones

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What is the makeup of the neural tissue?

This is made up of neural tissue and only releases hormones

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Because the post. pituitary only secretes hormones it cannot technically be considered what?

It cannot technically be considered an endocrine organ

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Where do the adrenal glands sit?

Superior to the kidneys

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What are the two layers of the adrenal glands?

Inner medulla and the outer cortex

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex?

Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, and the Zona reticularis (deep)

What hormones affects the adrenal glands?

ACTH

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

mineralocorticoids

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

what does the zona reticularis produce?

sex hormones/ androgens/ gonocorticoids.

What is Cushing's disease?

Excessive ACTH secretion

What is Addison's disease?

Insufficient ACTH secretion?

What hormone affects the thyroid gland?

TRH

What is the stimulating process of the thyroid gland?

TRH -> anterior pituitary -> TSH -> T3 and T4

what are the two forms of thyroid hormone?

T3: active form T4: thyroxine

Where is the thyroid hormone produced?

by the follicular cells within the thyroid gland

What is required to produce the thyroid hormone?

iodine

What causes a goiter?

inadequate iodine= inadequate production of thyroid hormone

What are the two main hormones that effect the testes and ovaries?

FSH and LH

What does LH do in the female?

stimulated ovulation

what does LH do in males?

stimulates testosterone production.

What does FSH do in females?

causes the egg to mature

What does FSH do in males?

causes the sperm to mature

What does GH do?

visually targets every type of cell in the body and has major effects on muscle and bone

What is the clinical manifestation of hyposecretion of GH?

dwarfism

What is the clinical manifestation of hypersecretion of GH?

Gigantism

What hormone targets the mammary gland?

Prolactin; PRL

What is PRL responsible for?

Stimulating milk production within the breast

Where does milk production begin?

mammary lobule, then goes to the lactiferous ducts, and then the lactiferous sinuses.

Where is milk released?

through the nipple.

What surrounds the nipple?

the areola

Why does the pigment of the areola change during pregnancy?

so it is more visible to the baby

pattern for ovulation stimulation and testosterone production?

GnRH-> ant. pit. -> LH -> ovaries & testes->ovulation and testosterone production

maturation of the egg and sperm

GnRH-> ant. pit. -> FSH -> ovaries & testes

production of thyroid hormone?

TRH-> ant. pit. -> TSH -> thyroid gland -> thyroid hormones

process to get to milk production?

PRF-> ant. pit. ->PRL-> breasts

process to muscle and bone growth?

GHRH->ant. pit. ->GH -> muscles and bone

process to melanin production?

MRF->anterior pituitary gland->MSH->melanocytes-> melanin

process of the stress response

CRH-> ant. pit. -> ACTH-> adrenal cortex-> cortisol

What "endocrine gland" does not produce any hormones

the posterior pituitary

What are the two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary?

ADH and oxytocin.

What is ADH?

It is antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin.

What is ADH responsible for?

Conserves water in the kidneys and regulates water balance in the body

What are the clinical manifestations of low ADH

Diabetes Insipidus

What are the responsibilities of oxytocin?

stimulates uterine contractions, milk release, and acts as the cuddle hormone.

What is the drug form of oxytocin and given to induce labor?

Pitocin

What two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

norepinephrine and epinephrine?

What are EPI and NE responsible for initiating?

the fight or flight reflex.

How is the adrenal medulla stimulated?

sympathetic nerve stimulation

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas known as?

Islets of Langerhans

What are the two cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

Alpha cells: secretes glucagon | Beta cells: secretes insulin

What two things work against each other to regulate blood sugar?

glucagon and insulin

Glucagon will _______ blood sugar through the breaking down of glycogen into glucose?

RAISE | occurs during periods of fasting or increased metabolic demand

Insulin will _______ blood sugar by promoting uptake of glucose in the blood into the cells of the body.

LOWER | occurs after eating or decreased metabolic demand.

What works together to regulate Ca++ levels?

parafollicular cells and the parathyroid glands.

Where are the parafollicular cells of the thyroid?

Between thyroid follicles?

Where are the parathyroid glands?

four small nodules on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

What is released when calcium is too high?

Calcitonin (CT)

What is released when blood calcium is too low?

Parathyroid hormone

What is produced when the atria is over stretched?

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

What is produced when the right ventricles is over stretched?

BNP (brain natriuretic peptide)

How does the kidneys respond to the heart being strethched?

increasing urine production; this removes water and blood volume and pressure.

What does the pineal gland produce?

melatonin

What does melatonin do?

regulates circadian rhythm,.

What is the function of the thymus?

produces thymosin and directs the differentiation of T cells.

What are the two branches of the gonads?

Ovaries- estrogen | Testes- testosterone

What are the two hormones that are released by the kidneys?

EP (erythropoietin)- released in response to low blood volume and Renin: this is released response to low blood flow resulting from low blood pressure

What does EPO do?

Stimulates the production of RBCS

What does Renin do?

Stimulates the release of ADH and aldosterone leading to water retention and increased thirst

What are the two hormones produced by the intestines?

Gastrin and CCK

Where is Gastrin produced?

by the stomach

Where is CCK (cholecystokinin)

in the duodenum

Endocrine System Flashcards

(92 cards)