what does the endocrine system regulate
regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance, reg. reproduction, growth and development
what does the endocrine system maintain
electrolyte, water, nutrients balance of blood, homeostasis
what structure does endocrine glands lact
endocrine glands dont have ducts and hormones are secreted by difusion
autocrines
local chemical messengers that act on the same cells thast secrete them, while paracrines act on neighboring cells
whats the diff. between the endocrine and nervous system
Endocrine: Hormones(secretes), slow, target distance far apart, secrete into the bloodstream
Nervous- Can override endocrine, fast, neurotransmitters(secretes), secrete into synapse
describe exocrine glands
produce nonhormonal substances(ex:sweat)
have ducts to carry secretion to membrane
describe endocrine glands
produce hormones
lacks ducts
make hormones which diffuse into blood and are used internally
name the 5 endocrine glands identified by the author
pituitaty pineal parathyroid adrenal thyroid
describe negative feedback
when the levels go above or below a set point, the endocrine system secretes hormones to lower or raise the level
whats the location of the pituitary. why is it called the master gland, what part of the brain controls it
Brain- sella turcia
called master gland because it controls all cells
controlled by hypothalamus
name the 6 hormones by the anterior pituitary
prolaticin GH ACTH TSH LH FSH
ACTH
Stress hormone
TSH
stimulates activity of thyroid
LH
reg. sex hormones
FSH
sperm and egg production
Oxytocin
contactions for labor, stim. uterine
what is Pitocin
synthetic oxytocin given to expectant mothers who are having diff. producing contractions for productive labor during child birth
describe antidiuretic hormone
from pituitary gland, aids in water balance, aka vasopressin. STIM. KIDNEY TUBULE CELLS TO REABSORB WATER. TOO LITTLE LEADS TO DIABETES INSIPIDUS
whats a diuretic
hormones that make you pee
What does the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones control your metabolism. which is the body’s ability to break down food and store it as energy
what are the thyroid hormones
Thyroxine(T4)
tri-iodothyronine(T3)
Calcitonin
Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR)
DESCRIBE T3 AND T4
for energy, both contain iodine
Describe calcitonin
calcium from bones, secreted in increase calcium levels
BMR
how much energy your body needs at rest
describe goiter
Gland: thyroid
Hormone: TSH
Cause: Iodine dificency
Symp: Swelling, SOB, dypnea
whats another word for hypothyroidism
cretinism
Whats the function of parathyroid glands
help maintain calcium and phosphorus levels
Andrenal glands produce what
cortisol, (nor)epinephrine
What does adrenaline do
increase heart rate, breathing rate, elevated BP (fight or flight response to stress)
Aldosterone
helps kidneys conserve sodium and excrete potassium, maintaing BP
cortisol
glucocorotoid, keeps blood glucose levels stable; response the stress
aderenal sex hormones
androgens (male), estrogens(female)
Describe cushings disease
gland: adrenal
Hormone: cortisol
Cause: use.corticosteroids for long periods,
symp: Moon face
Addisons
Gland: Adrenal
Hormone: cortisol
Cause: insufficeint amnt cortisol
Symp: dark skin, dizziness, nausea
what does the pancreas help maintain
blood sugar levels. secrets GLUCAGON AND INSULIN
Glucagon
stimulates the liver to break down glycogen, RAISES BLOOD SUGAR
iNSULIN
DECREASES blood sugar concentration, affects the uptake of glucose by cells
Debetes Mellitus
insulin deficinecy, blood sugar rises(hyperglycemia) and excess is excerted in the urine
Type I diabetes
aka juvinille insulin
type II diabetes
treated with diet and exercise, insulin resitance or pody doesnt produce enough insulin
describe the thymus gland
large in young children, gradually shrinks with age, secretes thymosins, important to immune system
Reproductive glands
testes and ovaries- testosterone, progesterone, estrogen
what are steroids
synthesizedd from cholesterol, gonadal and adrenocorticohormones.
what are amino acid hormones
amino acid derivatives
peptides and proteins
water soluble
Humoral stimuli
changing blood levels of ions and nutrient, directly stimulate secretion of hormones
whats the three ways hormones interact
permissiveness
synergy
antagonistic
whats the answers the teacher listed on the pretest
hormones second messenger feedback oxytocin myexdema bones tavel throughout body and blood
describe metabolism, and disorders of t3 and t4
idodine disorders, reg. metabolism, contain iodine, targets just about every cell