ENDOCRINOLOGY Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
secretes substances into the bloodstream
A
endocrine
2
Q
secretes substances onto a surface usually through a duct
A
exocrine
3
Q
composed of ductless glands
that produce hormones which are directly secreted into
the bloodstream for use throughout the body
Network of ductless glands that secrete hormones
directly into the blood
A
endocrine system
4
Q
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Growth & Development
Response to stress
A
endocrine
5
Q
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily
functions, maintaining homeostasis and control processes such as metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and stress response.
A
endocrine glands
6
Q
anterior pituitary gland, is the true gland
A
adenohypophysis
7
Q
posterior pituitary gland, only stores and release the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
A
neurohypophysis = ADH and oxytocin
8
Q
Nervous System + Endocrine System
A
neuroendocrine system
9
Q
made up of the nervous system and the endocrine system work together to keep the body to function regularly.
It focuses on the hypothalamic control to the secretion of pituitary hormones, but the broad concept includes
multiple reciprocal interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis and to respond properly to environmental stimuli through the regulated secretion
of hormones, neurotransmitters, or neuromodulators.
A
neuroendocrine system
10
Q
release their neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at
synapses
A
neurons
11
Q
Both cells secrete substances directly into the
bloodstream to act as hormones
A
neurosecretory cells
1. hypophyseal cells
2. hypophysiotropic cells
12
Q
These are chemical substances that send a message to another cell in the body. This
message can either regulate or control the activity of other body tissues.
A
hormones
13
Q
lipids derived from cholesterol; usually bound to
proteins
A
steroid
SCATE PAD
steroid
cortisol
aldosterone
testosterone
estrigen
progesterone
adctivated vitamin D
14
Q
Also known as amino acid derivatives
A
biogenic amines
AMEN
epinephrine - inhibit
norepinphrine - stimulate
T3 triiodothyronine
T4 tetraiododothyronine
15
Q
precursor of catecholamines
A
tyrosine
16
Q
Hydroxylation of Phe alone will not produce
catecholamines, whereas hydroxylation of Ty
alone will generate catecholamines
A
HYDROXYLATION = WILL GENERATE
17
Q
derived from diet or from
hydroxylation of Phe
A
tyrosine
18
Q
part of the
sympathoadrenal axis.
A
adrenal medulla
19
Q
initial and rate-limiting step in catecholamine
synthesis is the conversion of tyrosine to
A
3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
20
Q
synthesized by rough ER
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormone
All peptide hormones are hydrophilic and unable
to cross the plasma membrane alone= cannot
diffuse through the plasma membrane of cells (it
has to be attached to a protein to pass thru)
A
peptides and proteins
21
Q
AA derivatives with carbohydrate groups
A
glycoproteins
leah trashes fishers
luteinizing hormone
TSH
FSH
22
Q
Fatty acids with 20 carbon atom fatty acid (arachidonic
fatty acid), involved in cellular activity
A
eicosanoids
let the pros
leukotrines
eicosanoids
thromboxane
prostaglandin
23
Q
Act or acts directly on themselves
Targets of the substance is also itself.
A
autocrine
24
Q
Act adjacent to the cells of origin
Targets neighboring cells
A
paracrine
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Secreted in one location and released into blood circulation
endocrine
26
Function of the hypothalamus
Secreted in the hypothalamus and known
releasing hormones
hypophyseal hormones
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Promote secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones
releasing hormones
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____ secreted by Hypothalamus, It will then go to the ________.
○ _________ will then release Growth
Hormone.
GHRH - anterior pituitary gland
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Secreted in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract
Suppress the secretion of a particular hormone
inhibitory hormones
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Somatostatin inhibits ____
insulin
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Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
○ Inhibits ______
Also known as ______
prolactin
dopamine
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Stimulate growth and activity of other endocrine glands
TROPIC
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secreted by endocrine glands but with non endocrine cells
as targets
TROPHIC OR EFFECTOR
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______targets Gonads which is an endocrine gland.
LH TROPIC
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_____ targets Thyroid which is an endocrine gland
TSH TROPIC
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____ as a lactogenic hormone to the
mammary gland
PROLACTIN TROPHIC
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small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining
homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions through its control over the
endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.
hypothalamus
38
Aids in the release of a child during live birth
oxytocin
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Release of Growth Hormone
secreted by Hypothalamus and sent into the
Anterior Pituitary Gland.
growth horomone releasing hormone
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Two Hormones produced by Hypothalamus that are stored in the Posterior
Pituitary Gland: ADH AND OXYTOCIN
osmotic regulation
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Release of LH and FSH - will then proceed to the target Gonads
gonadotropin-releasing hormone = LH and FSH
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Release of ACTH
ACTH will then proceed to the Adrenal Gland to release Cortisol.
corticotropin- releasing hormone = ACTH to ADRENAL to cortisol
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Release of TSH and Prolactin
thyrotropin-releasing hormones
44
Inhibits insulin, GH, and release of TSH
Counter effect with TRH
somatostatin
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Inhibits prolactin
prolactin inhibiting hormone or dopamine
46
This is a medical condition characterized by inadequate production of growth
hormone by the pituitary gland, leading to impaired growth and development in
children and metabolic abnormalities in adults. Symptoms include
short stature,
delayed puberty,
decreased muscle mass,
GH DEFICIENCY
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Most common cause of GH deficiency
GHRH gene mutation
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The body is not responding to GH
b. Minor cause of GH deficiency
GH insensitivity
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Minor cause of GH deficiency
pituitary lesion
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Most common disproportionate dwarfism
Hereditary
Up to 4 ft.
achondroplasia
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hyposecretion of GH during childhood years
DWARFISM
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Short stature but the limbs are in proportion
proportionate dwarfism
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Up to 3 ft.
Deformities happen prenatally
Not because of hyposecretion
of GH
spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
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Tallest dwarfism
63 inches or 5 ft.
hypoachondroplasia
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Most disabling dwarfism
There are deformities at the
hands and feet and skull
Most prominent feature is the
hitch's hiker thumb
diastrophic dysplasia
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This condition results from overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary
gland, often due to a tumor. This leads to abnormal growth of bones and tissues,
resulting in
excessive height,
enlarged hands, and feet,
facial changes, and
potential complications such as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders
GH EXCESS
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Most common cause of GH EXCESS
pituitary tumor
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Minor cause of GH EXCESS
AIP GENE MUTATION
aryl hydrocarbon interacting protein
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Most common organ that increases in size is the thyroid
(thyromegaly)
organomegaly
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5. Sleep apnea is common
6. Overt diabetes
GH EXCESS
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hypersecretion of GH during childhood
GIGANTISM - childhood
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hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
The bone is complete and not getting longer, but there is still excess GH which
causes deformities
acromegaly - adulthood
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coarse facial features
○ soft tissue thickening (lips)
○ spade like hands (remember this for acromegaly)
○ protruding jaw (prognathism)
i. Usually affects the lower jaw, but can affect upper jaw.
○Sweating
impaired glucose tolerance or DM
ACROMEGALY
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pituitary tumor that directly secretes prolactin, and it represents the most common type of pituitary tumor.
PROLACTINOMA
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inappropriate production of milk
○ Can happen in pregnant women, children and adults
○ Prolactin induces the ductile activity of the ducts of the breasts
galactorrhea
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is a trophic hormone because it directly acts on the breast or mammary glands.
PROLACTIN
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due to hypersecretion of prolactin
symptoms: irregular menstruation, menopausal symptoms, milk discharges, difficulty
in getting erection, breast tenderness and enlargement
galactorrhea
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absence of menstrual cycle in females
due to hypersecretion of prolactin
Since there is high prolactin, it will inhibit gonadotropin hormone. No eggs
would mature because of this.
amenorrhea
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inability to attain penile erection in males
due to hypersecretion of PRL
IMPOTENCE
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caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary
gland that leads to excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol
CUSHING DISEASE
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the problem is primary; the problem directly comes from
the pituitary gland
CUSHING DISEASE
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If the problem is secondary, the problem is not in the pituitary gland. The problem
can come from the hypothalamus, which causes an increase in CRH. This is
cushing syndrome
73
Releases aldosterone
zona glomerulosa
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It acts on this part of the cortex to produce cortisol, a glucocorticoid
zona fasciculata
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Releases sex hormones
zona reticularis
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hypersecretion of ACTH
leads to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and cortisol overproduction
Obesity!!!
Moon-faced
○Humpback
○ Central Obesity, the extremities are not affected
CUSHING DISEASE
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Postpartum hypopituitarism caused by ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland
usually the result of severe hypotension or shock caused by massive hemorrhage during or after delivery.
Patients with SS have varying degrees of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency.
frequency is decreasing worldwide and it is a rare cause of hypopituitarism in developed countries owing to advances in obstetric care.
still frequent in underdeveloped and developing countries.
SS often evolves slowly and hence is diagnosed late.
SHEEHAN’S SYNDROME
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history of postpartum hemorrhage, failure to lactate, and cessation of menses are important clues to the diagnosis.
○ Prolactin is not released because the pituitary gland is damaged
early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important to reduce morbidity and mortality of the patients.
sheehan’s syndrome
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lack of FSH and LH in both male and female
○ No ovulation
○ no spermatogenesis because no production of testosterone
inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
INFERTILITY
80
Inhibits urination
maintains water homeostasis
AVP/ADH
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Principal regulator of ADH secretion is increased plasma osmolality usually
>295 mOsm/kg
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When the osmolality is lower, _______ ADH secretion is suppressed.
<284 mOsm/kg
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Deficient AVP (secretion/transport)
■ Hypothalamic or Neurogenic DI
Resistant to the action of AVP
■ Nephrogenic DI (problem is in
the kidneys)
Excessive water intake
diabetes insipidus
84
the setpoint for ADH secretion is normal; however, a resetting of the thirst threshold occurs so that it is now below the
threshold for ADH secretion.
○ Physiological dysfunction in thirst regulation
○ You are always thirsty even though the body is not dehydrated
dispogenic DI
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the osmostat for ADH secretion is normal.
○ Psychiatric disorder
○ You keep drinking water, which leads to imbalance in your electrolytes
psychogenic polydipsia
87
Due to the enzymatic breakdown
of the endogenous AVP by a placental cysteine aminopeptidase
(PCAP) (seen in pregnant women)
gestational DI
88
Excessive water intake
primary polydipsia
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Problem in the kidney wherein it is
resistant to the action of AVP
nephrogenic
90
Deficient AVP secretion
hypothalamic/neurogenic
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“Controlled Defiance”
negative feedback loop
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“Controlled Amplification”
positive feedback loop
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Example of Negative Feedback
This is a feedback loop that regulates thyroid hormone production through
interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland
It turns off when enough
Most common feedback loop
hypothalamis pituitary thyroid axis
95
Example of Positive Feedback is childbirth
This is the natural process by which a pregnant mammal gives birth, involving the contractions of the uterus to expel the fetus and placenta. It marks the culmination of pregnancy and initiates the beginning of postnatal care for the newborn.
It keeps going until the task is done
parturition
96
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Feedback from hormones produced in the pituitary target
glands on the hypothalamus
To the bloodstream; to the body
long FM
98
Feedback of hormones at the level of the PG
To target organ
short FM
99
Feedback between the pituitary and hypothalamus
ultrashort FM
100
Where instructions are sent (secrete)
anterior pituitary gland =adenohypophysis
101
It is a cause of MRI disturbance
intermediate lobe or pars intermedialis
102
anterior is Composed of three cell types:
large
polyhedral
supported by delicate,reticulate fiber
103
Major cells present
■ Do not secrete
chromophobe (50%)
104
Both acidophilic (40%) and basophilic (10%) cells are
secretory cells
105
Produced by anterior pituitary gland
■ Precursor of ACTH, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
propiomelanocortin
106
Hormones that makes us happy / feel good
endorphins
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(other name for
GH)
somatotropin
112
structurally related to prolactin and human
placental lactogen. A single peptide with two
intramolecular disulfide bridges. GH is classified
as a _____ hormone.
GH - TROPHIC
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It stimulates ______
which is specific for growth. Antagonist of
insulin
IGF-1
114
inhibits the GH
somatostatin
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considered an amphibolic hormone
because it directly influences both anabolic and
catabolic processes. It has many diverse effects
on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.
GH
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INCREASE EFFECT ON GH
sleep
exercise
fasting
118
DECREASE EFFECT ON GH
somatomedin c
hyperglycemia
119
Also known as IGF-1
○ Feedback hormone for GH
○Increase levels will be detected by the hypothalamus
and it will inhibit the secretion of GHRH
somatomedin c
120
INHIBIT GH SECRETION
glucose loading
epinephrine
alpha blockers
emotional/psychigenic stress
nutritional deficiencies
insulin and thyroxine defieciency
121
stimulate GH secretion
sleep
physiological stress
amino acids
HYPOGLYCEMIA
sex steroids
NOREPINEPHRINE
BETA BLOCKERS (propanolol)
122
1. Anterior pituitary
2. Ovarian Follicle
(female)
3. Seminiferous
tubules (male)
FSH
123
This is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in reproductive health by stimulating the
growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males
Integral to ovulate so corpus luteum can form
It also increases at the end to prepare the uterus for ovum impregnation
FSH
124
It is a marker for premature menopause if it is elevated .
FSH
125
pivotal in both male and female reproductive systems, where it stimulates testosterone production in the testes of
males and triggers ovulation and progesterone secretion in females
LH
126
1. Anterior pituitary
2. Ovarian Follicle
(female)
3. Leydig Cells
(male)
LH
127
produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to stimulate the adrenal glands to release
cortisol, in response to stress and low blood glucose levels
ACTH
128
prevent ACTH from sticking to the tube because it sticks to glass tubes, causing false
decrease.
SERUM OR PLASTIC
129
ACTH IS INCREASED
in the morning and stressed
130
1. Anterior pituitary
2. Zona
Fasciculata
3. Zona Reticularis
ACTH = ADENOCORTICOTROPHIN
131
1. Anterior pituitary
2. Follicular cells
3. T3 and T4
TSH
132
This is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the thyroid gland's production of hormones, crucial for
metabolism and various physiological functions.
Most clinically sensitive for thyroid diseases
TSH
133
↑ the size of Thyroid Follicular cells to promote
T3 AND T4
134
1. Anterior pituitary
2. Mammary gland
3. Milk production
PROLACTIN - TROPHIC
135
This is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands of mammals.
Its levels typically rise during pregnancy and breastfeeding, promoting lactation
Prolactin
136
Major circulating prolactin is a ______ monomer
non-glycosylated
137
Major inhibiting hormone of prolactin
PIH OR DOPAMINE
138
feedback hormone of FSH
INHIBIN
139
feedback hormone of LH
estrogen and testosterone
140
feedback hornone of ACTH
cortisol
141
feedback hormone of TSH
T3 AND T4
142
feedback hormone of prolactin
unknown (itself)
143
target gland of FSH AND LH
GONADS - TROPIC
144
target organ of ACTH
adrenal cortex
145
target organ of TSH
thyroid
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147
target organ of prolactin
BREAST
148
contraction of uterus —
“Ferguson Reflex” (baby goes
out or parturation)
oxytocin or pitocin
149
maintains osmotic homeostasis by regulating
water balance
vasopressin or arginine vasopressin or pitressin
150
for ejection of milk primed with
estrogen
plays a role in hemostasis at the
placental site following
delivery/birthing
oxytocin
151
synthetic form of
oxytocin, given to ↑ uterine
contractions during parturation
Secreted by paraventricular
nuclei of the hypothalamus.
pitocin
152
releases mostly
oxytocin and some ADH,
and the supraoptic nucleus
releases mostly ADH and
some oxytocin
paraventricular nucleus
153
potent stimuli to ADH release
emetic dehydration
154
inhibitors of ADH release:
ethanol
cortisol
155
polyuria and polydipsia, but no
polyphagia
DI
156
Also known as ADH; Secreted by
AVP; SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS
157
↓Blood volume = ↓ Dehydrated : Heart will
pump faster to release pressure (ADH) for
water retention.
TRUE
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