ELECTROLYTES PART 1 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Ions capable of carrying electric charge
A substance that dissociates into ions in solution and
acquires the capacity to conduct electricity
A
electrolytes
2
Q
positive charge; move toward the cathode
(negative)
A
cations
3
Q
negative charge; move toward anode
(positive)
A
anions
4
Q
Enter the body as part of the regular diet
Readily absorbed from the GIT into the circulation
A
electrolytes
5
Q
electrolytes are filtered in the
A
glomerulus
6
Q
VOLUME AND OSMOTIC REGULATION
A
soidum
chlorne
potassium
7
Q
Used as treatment
for arrhythmias and other MI
A
calcium
8
Q
MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM & CONTRACTILITY
A
potassium
magnesium
calcium
9
Q
Cofactors in Enzyme Activation
A
magnesium
calcium
ZINC
10
Q
cofactor ni chloride
A
amylase
11
Q
cofactor ni magnesium and manganese
A
alkaline phosphatase
12
Q
Regulation of ATPase Ion Pumps
A
magnesium
13
Q
cofactor for the Na-K ATPase pump
Controls the levels of Na in the ICF and ECF
A
magnesium
14
Q
ACID-BASE BALANCE
A
potassium
HCO3-
chlorine
15
Q
integral because of its exchange with the H+
to maintain pH; how alkaline or acidc blood can be
A
potassium
16
Q
BLOOD COAGULATION
A
magnesium
calcium
17
Q
NEUROMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY
A
potassium
magnesium
calcium
same with myocardia rhythm and contractility
18
Q
Production and use of ATP from Glucose
Catalyzes the steps for the production of ATP
A
Magnesium
Phosphate
19
Q
This requires energy to move ions
across cellular membrane
A
active transport
20
Q
passive movement of ions ** size and charge of
ions**
A
diffusion
21
Q
What are the electrolytes that function primarily in volume
and osmotic regulation?
A
NA
K
Cl
22
Q
40 – 75% of the total body weight
A
WATER
23
Q
within the cell
A
ICF
24
Q
93% water
The remaining 7% is composed of lipids and
proteins
A
intravascular
25
in between the cells
interstitial
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27
Transports Nutrients to Cells
Determines Cell Volume
Removes Waste
Body’s Coolant
electrolytes
28
The principal organ in regulating the volume and
composition of body fluids are the
KIDNEYS
29
How much of the total body weight is made of water?
40%-75%
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31
What are the three major organs responsible for water
excretion?
skin = perspiration
lungs = respiration
GI tract = urinary and defecation
32
Physical property of solution that is based on concentration of
solutes (mmol)/ kg of solvent.
osmolality
33
weight over volume
osmolarity = mOsm/L
34
weight over weight
osmolality = mmol/kg
35
Main analyte for osmolality and osmolarity
sodium
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37
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osmolality is related to
freezing point depression
vapor pressure
39
Physiological response that regulates Osmolality
thirst
secretion of AVP by the hypothalamus
40
Blood osmolality is affected by
dehydration
salt ingestion
41
In osmolality, _____ is the main parameter about 90%
sodium
42
Increase salt ingestion or dehydration = _____ in
osmolality
increase
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active transport
glucose, amino acids, salts - PCT
chloride - ASCENDING
sodium - PCT AND DCT
44
passive transport
water - PCT and DESCENDING
urea - PCT and ASCENDING
sodium - ASCENDING
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46
Two Major Hormone Systems that contribute to the regulation of
fluid and electrolyte balance in the body:
ADH- water retention
RAAS- sodium retention
47
Physical property of solution that is based on
concentration of solutes (mmol/kg) of solvent.
osmolality
48
The hormone responsible for this reabsorption of water
AVP
49
PITUITARY HORMONE
Increases tubule permeability to water so more is
reabsorbed into the circulation.
Regulates total concentration of blood through water
balance.
AVP
50
is a nonapeptide = 9 peptides
Reabsorbs water where it acts in the nephron specifically
in the _____
AVP , DCT AND COLLECTING DUCTS
51
Promotes reabsorption of water
maintain osmotic homeostasis by bringing back
back water or retaining water
AVP
- half life = 15 mins to 20 mins
52
Changes in 1-2% increase will cause a 4-fold
______in the production of AVP.
increase
53
1-2% ______ in osmolality will shut off AVP production
decrease
54
primary organ responsible for
osmotic regulation,
hypothalamus
55
nag produce ng AVP
posterior pituitary gland
56
release from the myocardial atria promotes sodium
excretion in the kidney.
ANP
57
Stimulates the release of AVP
Volume receptors independent of Osmolality
58
Increases with volume expansion and decrease with
volume depletion.
GFR
59
responds primarily to a decreased blood volume.
RAAS
60
secreted near the renal glomeruli in
response to decreased renal blood flow (decreased
blood volume or blood pressure).
renin
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causes both vasoconstriction, which
quickly increases blood pressure, and secretion of
aldosterone, an adrenal hormone that acts on the
collecting ducts to increase reabsorption of Na+,
thus causing water to follow.
ANGIOTENSIN 2
62
converts the hormone angiotensinogen to
angiotensin I,
RENIN
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inactive precursor of renin
prorenin
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inactive form that’s why it’s converted
into angiotensin II to promote vasoconstriction
angiotensin 1
65
conversion will only happen in the presence of
_____________(produced by
the lining or membrane present in the lining of the
lungs).
ACE or Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
66
active form will promote
vasoconstriction.
cause or trigger the adrenal glands
to produce aldosterone
angiotensin 2
67
Response to hypovolemia
RAAS = ALDOSTERONE
68
Response to hypervolemia
ANP
69
Kapalit ng naretain na sodium there will be excretion of
potassium
HYPOKALEMIA
70
there is increase aldosterone due to
adenoma in the adrenal glands, increase production of
aldosterone because of that there will be
Conn’s disease = denoma
HYPERALDOSTERONISM AND HYPERNATREMIA = increase production of aldosterone
71
decreased urine osmolality
diabetes insipidus = polydipsia
72
increased urine osmolality =
hypovolemia = SIADH
73
What gland is responsible primarily for maintaining
osmotic homeostasis
Hypothalamus
74
What part of the nephron are acted upon primarily of
the ADH
DCT and collecting ducts
75
Major stimulus of ANP production
HYPERVOLEMIA
76
Most abundant cation in the ECF
Sodium
77
Causes of hyponatremia
Increased sodium loss
Increased water retention
Water imbalance
78
Increased sodium loss
Hypoadrenalism
Potassium deficiency
Diuretic use
Ketonuria
Salt-losing nephropathy
Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
Severe burns
79
INCREASED WATER RETENTION
Renal failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Hepatic cirrhosis
Congestive heart failure
80
water imbalance
excess water intake
SIADH
pseudohyponatremia
81
High cholesterol in your sample
○ It masks the measurement of your sodium, especially
in indirect measurement of sodium
pseudohyponatremia
82
CAUSES OF HYPERNATREMIA
excess water loss
decrease water intake
increased intake or retention
83
excess water loss of hypernatremia
diabetes insipidus
renal tubular disorder
prolonged diarrhea
profuse sweating
severe burns
84
decrease water intake of hypernatremia
older persons
infants
mental impairment
85
increased intake or retention
hyperaldosteronism
sodium bicarbonate excess
dialysis fluid excess
86
High osmolality means that there is less water than solute
water deficit
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Low osmolality means that there is more water than solute
water excess
88
Hypernatremia means that there is less water than sodium
water deficit in serum sodium
89
Hyponatremia means that there is more water than sodium
water excess in serum sodium
90
Na is precipitated as a triple salt _______ with ferrocyanide to produce a chromophore whose
absorbance is directly proportional to the Na concentration
sodium magnesium uranyl acetate
test: colorimetric methid
reagent used: zinc uranyl acetate
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92
Intense yellow
flame emission spectrophotometry
93
sodium interacts with the glass membrane of the
electrode; change in potential reflects concentration
MOST COMMON
ion selective electrode
94
Primary intracellular cation
neuromuscular excitability
○ contraction of the heart
○ intracellular fluid volume and hydrogen ion
concentration (for acid-base balance)
potassium
95
Potassium loss may be due to
hypoxia
hypomagnesemia
digoxin
96
diminished ATP production; ATP is
needed for active diffusion of Na and K
hypoxia
97
_____ is a cofactor
in the ATPase pump
magnesium
98
also inhibits ATP
digoxin
99
promotes acute entry of K+ into the skeletal muscle
and liver by increasing Na+, K+ ATPase activity.
○ acutely pushes K+ ions into the cell
insulin
100
promotes cellular entry of K; therefore
causes decrease in potassium in the bloodstream
epinephrine
101
impairs cellular entry; therefore causes
an increase in potassium in the blood
propanolol
102
other factors in potassium
exercise
hyper osmolality
cellular breakdown/hemolysis
103
KLAMP will increase during lysis
K
LDH
AST
MAGNESIUM
PHOSPHATE
104
● Decreased renal excretion
● Cellular shift
● Increased Intake
● Artifactual
Hyperkalemia/ Hyperpotassemia
105
GASTROINTESTINAL LOSS in HYPOKALEMIA/HYPOPOTASEMIA
❖ Vomitting
❖ Diarrhea
❖ Gastric Suction
❖ Intestinal Tumor
❖ Malabsorption
❖ Cancer therapy
❖ Large doses of Laxatives
106
❖ Diuretics
❖ Nephritis
❖ Renal Tubular Acidosis
❖ Hyperaldosteronism (increase
Na = decreased K)
❖ Hypomagnesemia (decrease
Mg= ATPase pump not working)
❖ Acute Leukemia
RENAL LOSS in HYPOKALEMIA/HYPOPOTASEMIA
107
↑pH = ↓ H+ concentration
ALKALOSIS = HYPOKALEMIA
108
produces a colloidal suspension whose turbidity is
proportional to the K concentration
COLORIMETRIC METHOD (HOFFMAN) = reagent - sodium tetraphenylboron
109
color: violet
flame emission spectrophotometry in POTASSIUM
YELLOW SA SODIUM
110
Valinomycin membrane; KCl as the inner electrolyte
solution
ion selective electrode
GLASS SA SODIUM
111
