TRACE ELEMENTS Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
4th most abundant element in earth’s crust
most abundant transition metal
A
IRON
2
Q
Redox potential
A
IRON
3
Q
Synthesis of RNA and DNA
A
zinc
4
Q
Diagnosis of Wilson’s disease (low
level of ceruloplasmin) (high copper)
Menke disease if copper deficiency
A
copper
5
Q
Cholesterol synthesis
Important activator
A
manganese
6
Q
Red cell synthesis, part of Vit. B12
(cobalamin)
A
cobalt
7
Q
Uric acid synthesis
Important Activator of xanthine
oxidase
A
molybdenum
8
Q
Glucose tolerance
Metabolism of glucose
A
chromium
9
Q
Structure of nucleic acid
A
nickel
10
Q
Heavy metal poisoning
A
lead and mercury
11
Q
For Alzheimer’s disease
A
aluminum
12
Q
Used for treatment of Wilson’s disease
A
zinc
13
Q
Distributed in muscles, bones, eyes, prostate
○ Different factors to increase absorption of ___
■ Presence of animal proteins
■ Amino acids in a meal
■ Intake of calcium and unsaturated fatty acids
A
ZINC = muscles bones eye prostate
14
Q
Used in anti-dandruff shampoos, and fungicides
A
selenium
15
Q
form of selenocysteine is
part of the cellular antioxidant defense system against
free radicals
A
GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE
16
Q
Also observed in the metabolism of thyroid hormones
A
selenium
17
Q
Excreted thru urine, sweat and feces
A
selenium
18
Q
Part of antioxidant defense system
○ Involved in thyroid metabolism
A
selenium
19
Q
Endemic cardiomyopathy that affects most children
and women of childbearing age in areas in China
and has been associated with selenium deficiency
A
KESHAN DISEASE
20
Q
Osteoarthritis occuring in adolescent,
A
KASHIN-BECK
21
Q
stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
A
IRON = LIVER SPLEEN BONE MARROW
22
Q
A
23
Q
Menstrual cycle: lose _____ mg of iron
A
20-40 mg
24
Q
Iron absorption in the upper GIT is regulated
by
peptide hormone
A
HEPCIDIN
25
single-gene Homozygous recessive disorder leading
to abnormally high Fe absorption
causes tissue accumulation of iron, affects liver
function
often leads to hyperpigmentation of the skin.
hereditary hemochromatosis
26
iron overload with high serum iron and TIBC or
transferrin, without tissue damage
hemosiderosis
27
measures the total amount of iron that can
be bound by proteins in the blood
○ good indirect measure of transferrin
availability
TIBC
28
In the upper GIT, iron can be exported from
the cells by
FERROPORTIN
29
30
Iron Determination
Reference Range
Male: 65-170 ug/dL
female: 50-170 ug/dL
TRUE
31
SERUM IRON ANALYSIS
acidification:
HCl (Fe2+ to Fe3+)
32
reducing agent:
glycolic acid or ascorbic acid
33
color indicator:
tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ) or
bathophenanthroline
34
always found combined with another element like
Oxygen, Silicon, and Fluoride
ALUMINUM
35
has both metallic and nonmetallic properties
○ natural sources are volcanoes and
weathering of minerals
toxic substance used for poisoning and
killing
ARSENIC
36
arsenic Organic forms are found in
fish and seafoods
37
Inorganic are found in
rocks and soil
38
Crystalline silver white ductile
AL
39
most abundant metal in the
earth's crust
○ Good conductor of heat and electricity
AL
40
Found in: antacids, astringents, buffered
aspirins, food additives, cosmetics and
antiperspirants
AL
41
binds to various ligands in the blood and
distributes to every organ:
bone 50% and
lungs 25%
AL
42
encephalopathy (aka Dialysis
Encephalopathy Syndrome)
ALUMINUM
43
ALUMINUM measured using
ICP-MS = Inductively couples plasma- mass spectrometry
GFAAS- Grpahite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
44
45
can be used as
specimen especially when
assessing Chronic Arsenic toxicity
hair and nails
46
sum of inorganic and methylated metabolites
of arsenic in urine is
35 ug/L
47
ant poisons, rodenticides, herbicides and
weed killers, insecticides, paints, wood
preservatives, and ceramics
○ in the production of various metal alloys and
livestock feed, as a tanning agent, and in
medicine
ARSENIC
48
Meese lines
ARSENIC
49
organic forms of arsenic
arsenocholine
arsenobetaine
50
are commonly found
in fish and seafood, relatively nontoxic, and are
cleared rapidly
arsenocholine and arsenobetaine
51
inorganic forms of arsenic
trivalent
pentavalent
52
methylated form of arsenic
arsine gas
53
intermediate in toxicity and
arise primarily from metabolism of inorganic species,
but small amounts may arise directly from food.
arsenic gas
54
Organic methylated arsenic compounds such as
______ are formed by hepatic metabolism of
As(3+) and As(5+)
monomethylarsonic acid
dimethylarsenic acid
55
Usually manifestatied within the 1st hour of exposure,
and is usually reflected as multi-organ involvement
gastrointestinal (rice water diarrhea)
bone marrow (pancytopenia, anemia, basophilic
stippling)
cardiovascular
central nervous system (encephalopathy
renal (renal failure)
hepatic (hepatitis)
Acute arsenic exposure
56
soft, bluish-white metal, which is easily cut with a knife
cadmium
57
Used for gemstones
chromium
58
____is found mostly in RBCs
■ About 70% in the red cells
cadmium
59
Uses for Pigments and batteries, smoke and tobacco
■ Tobacco smokers has twice the _____
abundance in their bodies as compared to
non-smokers
cadmium
60
______ level of our body increases with age
○ Newborn babies= free of ______
○Excretion 90% of ingested _____is excreted in the
feces
CADMIUM 90%
61
Seen in dietary element, important in the
metabolism of glucose, fat and cholesterol
● Useful in metabolizing
TRIVALENT CHROMIUM
62
Easier to absorb, although it is more toxic
HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM
63
also associated with severe dermatitis and skin
ulcers
CHROMIUM
64
The estimated safe daily intake of chromium for adults is in the range of
500 to 200 ug/day
65
Soft yet tough
■ With excellent electrical and heat conducting
properties
COPPER
66
Commonly found in the environment.
Can be both an acute and chronic toxic
Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Very resistant to corrosion
LEAD
67
Has 4 oxidation states
■ Important in oxidation-reduction reactions asa
metalloenzyme
COPPER
68
3 oxidation states
mercury
69
mg in healthy individual mercury
50-120
70
Highest in the liver
Transported to liver
■ It is incorporated in the form of ceruloplasmin
(-transport protein)
COPPER
71
Soft, bluish white
○ Used in production of batteries, ammunition, foils
LEAD
72
dermatologic (Mees lines, hyperkeratosis,
hyperpigmentation, alopecia),
○ _____ has high affinity for keratin, that’s
why we can also see high concentrations of
arsenic in hair
hepatic (cirrhosis, hepatomegaly),
cardiovascular or peripheral vascular disease)
BLACKFOOT DISEASE that lead to gangrene
central nervous system (“socks and glove”)
neuropathy
Chronic arsenic exposure
73
Most stable of all oxidation states.
copper
74
as additive in gasoline for the
increase of fuel octane rating but now we use
unleaded gasoline
tetraeythl lead
75
Appearing at the age of 3 months and patient usually
dies at 2 years.
■ Progressive brain disease
■ A.K.A. Kinky hair disease
MENKE’s
76
Copper accumulation seen amoung children and
adults
wilson’s disease
77
Too much of copper in the cornea as a result
of certain liver disease (ex. Biliary obstruction)
● Membrance as a Descemet’s membrance
KAYSER-FLEISHER RINGS
78
Neutropenia Hypochromic anemia
○ Osteoporosis
○ Decreased pigmentation of the skin
○ Neurologic abnormalities (late stage)
copper deficiency
79
Absorption efficiency of 30-40% thru inhalation
lead
80
99% of absorbed lead is in RBCs, which interferes in
heme synthesis
TRUE
81
Low dietary zinc, abscorbic acid, and citric acid can
increase lead absorption
82
lead Excretion is _____in urine and _____in feces
76% urine
16% feces
83
manifestation as a cause of lead
toxicity
wrist drop or foot drop
basophilic strippling
84
Also known as Quicksilver
○ Liquid at RT
mercury
85
86
refers to various forms of mercury
bound to a carbon atom.
organic mercury
87
this is retained in the lungs to
about 80%, liquid metallic mercury passes through
the GIT, largely unabsorbed.
Inhaled mercury vapor
88
Most of the dietary intake comes from consumption
of meat and fish products and usually mercury
concentration is observed to be greater as
mentioned in predatory fishes because of the so
called
biomagnification
89
MAJOR storage of mercury
KODNEY
90
Half Life of Mercury
○ Blood:
○ Urine
BLOOD 5DAYS
URINE 90 DAYS
91
Steel production
○ Fertilizers
mnganese
92
Highest levels of manganese found in
BONESAND FAT
93
94
Infants retaining higher level of manganese than
adults
TRUE
95
Known to be an activator
manganese
96
Low levels of manganese have been associated with
epilepsy, hip abnormalities, joint disease, congenital
malformation, heart and bone problems, and
standard growth in children
TRUE
97
Toxicity causes disorientation, memory loss, anxiety, and compulsive laughing or crying
○ Chronic toxicity resembles Parkinson’s disease
■ with achenesia with rigidity, tremors, and muscle-like faces.
MANGANESE MADNESS OR LOCURA MANGANIKA
98
An essential trace element
Bound to globulin & RBC membranes
■ Bound to alpha 2 microglobulin
○ Can cross placenta
molybdenum
99
high levels of molybdenum in the diet of mother can
increase molybdenum in the liver of the baby
TRUE
100
Involved in 3 enzymes acting as a COFACTOR
■ Xanthine oxidase
■ Aldehyde oxidase
■ Sulfite oxidase
molybdenum’s
101
active site of this enzymes bind molybdenum
molybdopterin
102
Dietary deficiency is RARE however once associated with CROHN’S DISEASE
○ High dietary associated with GOUT
molybdenum
