ENDOCRINOLOGY PART 4

Question 2

main source of sex hormones

Answer 2

GONADS

Question 3

produce sperm
○ sexual development (muscle enlargement,
growth of body hair, voice changes, male
sexual drive)

Answer 3

Testes: androgens ( testosterone)

Question 4

produce eggs
○ secrete estrogen and progesterone and relaxin
○ for sexual development (breast enlargement, distribution of fats),
menstruation, pregnancy

Answer 4

Ovaries: located in the pelvis

Question 5

pair of small, almond-shaped organs located in the female
reproductive system, situated on either side of the uterus. They serve as the
primary reproductive organs in females, responsible for producing eggs (ova)
through oogenesis and synthesizing estrogen and
progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and support
pregnancy.

Answer 5

OVARIES

Question 6

are a pair of oval-shaped organs
located within the scrotum. They are responsible for producing
sperm cells and synthesizing testosterone which is crucial for
the development of male reproductive and secondary sexual
characteristics.

Answer 6

testes or male gonads

Question 7

C19 steroid hormone principally synthesized by the
Leydig Cells the testis
Controlled primarily by FSH and LH

Answer 7

testosterone- C19

Question 8

Best time for sample collection

Answer 8

8:00 to 10:00 am

Question 9

(low testosterone, high
FSH and LH)

Answer 9

primary hypogonadism

Question 10

low testosterone,
low/normal FSH and LH)

Answer 10

secondary hypogonadism

Question 12

C18 steroid hormone with a phenol A ring
Arises through structural alteration of the testosterone
molecule
Not produced by the ovaries after menopause

Answer 12

estrogen- c18

Question 13

Functions: breast development, maturation of the
external genitalia, deposition of body fat, and
termination of linear growth (secondary sexual
characteristic in the female)

Answer 13

estrogen

Question 14

3 forms of estrogen

Answer 14

estrone
estradiol
estriol

Question 15

precursor of estrone and estriol

Answer 15

estradiol

Question 16

major estrogen secreted by the placenta
during pregnancy; down syndrome marker

Answer 16

estriol

Question 17

active form of estrogen

Answer 17

estradiol

Question 18

C21 steroid hormone produced mainly by the
granulose (lutein) cells of the corpus luteum in the female

Dominant hormone responsible for the luteal phase cycle among females

Prime secretory product of the ovary, together with estrogen

Used primarily for the evaluation of fertility in female

Answer 18

progesterone - c21

Question 19

are determined during the
early second trimester by screening of maternal serum for levels of AFP, HCG,
unconjugated estriol (uE3), and inhibin A

Answer 19

neural tube defects
down syndrome

Question 20

Genetically female but whose phenotypic
characteristics are, to varying degrees, male
Exposure to androgens before the 12th week of
gestation

Answer 20

FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM

Question 22

Genetically female but whose phenotypic
characteristics are, to varying degrees, male
Exposure to androgens before the 12th week of
gestation

Answer 22

FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM

Question 24

Most common form of hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism due to deficiency of GnRH
Both seen in males and females

Answer 24

kallmann syndrome

Question 25

Development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls < 8 yrs old and boys < 9 yrs old Premature hair and breast development

Answer 25

precocious puberty

Question 27

Androgen insensitivity syndrome Defect in androgen action Males w/ female habitus and develop breast tissue Blind vagina with rudimentary testes

Answer 27

testicular feminization syndrome

Question 28

This is a surgical procedure to remove one or both testicles. It is commonly performed as a treatment for testicular cancer, to reduce testosterone levels in individuals with advanced prostate cancer, or as part of gender confirmation surgery for transgender individuals

Answer 28

orchidectomy

Question 29

This condition occurs on one-third of post-pubertal males with mumps orthorubulavirus infection (mumps) and is the most frequent extra-salivary manifestation of this highly contagious infection. Most cases of orchitis occur 4 to 6 days of parotitis

Answer 29

mumps orchitis

Question 30

This is a condition in which one or booth testers fail to descend into the scrotum during fetal development

Answer 30

cryptoorchidism

Question 31

characterized by a lack of germ cells. Men present with small testes, high FSH levels, azoospermia, and normal testosterone levels.

Answer 31

sertori cells only syndrome

Question 32

sertoli cell only syndrome may arise from

Answer 32

Yq11 microdeletions

Question 33

genetic condition in males where they are born with and extra X chromosome (XXY), leading to infertility, reduced testosterone levels, and potential developmental and physical difference

Answer 33

klinefelter syndrome XXY

Question 34

occurrence of low testosterone levels together with low or inappropriately normal GnRH, FSH, or LH levels.

Answer 34

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Question 35

characterized by ovarian failure resulting in elevation of FSH concentrations, with or without LH elevations, with low levels of estrogen

Answer 35

hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

Question 36

○Ovarian failure ○Menopause ○Turner’s syndrome (45, X) ○Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) ○Hirsutism

Answer 36

hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

Question 37

resulting in decreased sex steroid production, is a common cause of secondary amenorrhea, and FSH and LH levels are usually <10 IU/L

Answer 37

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism ovarian

Question 38

Examples: ○Anorexia nervosa ○Runner’s amenorrhea ○Hypothyroidism ○Pituitary tumors ○ Prolactinomas

Answer 38

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Question 39

Lies in the upper part of the thoracic cavity important in the immune system, especially early in life Secretes thymosin ○ Helps in the development of WBCs (T cells

Answer 39

thymus gland

Question 40

small pinecone shaped located in the middle of the brain Secretes melatonin

Answer 40

pineal gland /body

Question 41

decreases the secretion of LH and FSH by decreasing the release of hypothalamic releasing hormone (inhibits functions of reproductive system

Answer 41

MELATONIN

Question 42

plays an important role in the onset of puberty regulates sleep and wake cycle FUNCTION: Receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin

Answer 42

pineal gland

Question 43

Synthesized within the _____ (cells in the pineal gland) from tryptophan, mostly occurring during the dark phase of the day

Answer 43

melatonin - n-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine pinealocytes

Question 44

Only secreted during the dark period of the day Natural neurotransmitter-like compound Regulate the sleep cycle by controlling the circadian rhythm; regulates the immune system Health benefits: Anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties

Answer 44

melatonin

Question 45

Causes of variations of melatonin

Answer 45

posture at night alcohol

Question 46

inhibit secretions

Answer 46

light stimuli

Question 47

Plasma melatonin in adults:

Answer 47

60-70 mg/dl