UNIT 1 LIVER FUNCTION

Question 1

dilute serum with NSS and
compare with 0.01% Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) (Naturally Yellow)

Answer 1

Meulengracht Method

Question 2

Proposed to use serum in detecting bilirubin in blood instead of urine.
○ However, _________ there are still erroneous results

Answer 2

Van den Bergh (1930)

Question 3

Discovered that the Van den Bergh test only measures direct bilirubin. Therefore, they added an ACCELERATOR

Answer 3

evelyn-malloy

Question 4

adding an Accelerator means we’re
measuring the

Answer 4

TOTAL BILIRUBIN

Question 5

reagents in evelyn malloy

Answer 5

DSA
50% methanol
sodium acetate
ascorbic acid

Question 6

Buffer the pH

Answer 6

sodium acetate

Question 7

■ Terminates the reaction.
■ Destroys excess DSA

Answer 7

Ascorbic acid

Question 8

Similar to Evelyn-Malloy however uses caffeine sodium benzoate as an accelerator

Answer 8

jendrassik-grof

Question 9

Insensitive to sample pH changes
Insensitive to a 50-fold variation in protein concentration
Adequate optical sensitivity even for low bilirubin
concentration
Minimal turbidity and with constant serum blank
Not affected by hemoglobin up to 750 mg/dL

Answer 9

advantages of jendrassik grof

Question 10

Specimens for bilirubin

Answer 10

fasting
non-hemolyzed
non-lipemic

Question 11

conjugated bilirubin normal range

Answer 11

0-0.2 mg/dl

obstructive jaundice = INCREASED B2

Question 12

unconjugated bilirubin normal range

Answer 12

0.2-0.8 mg/dl

Hemolytic jaundice = INCREASED B1

Question 13

Both
conjugated and
unconjugated

Answer 13

0.2 – 1.0 mg/dL

hepatocellular jaundice = liver problem

Question 14

Discovered bilirubin in Urine.

Answer 14

ehrlich

Question 15

reagents in ehrlich’s method

Answer 15

p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde (PDAB)
ascorbic acid
NaCH3COO

Question 16

reducing agent to maintain urobilinogen
in reduced state

Answer 16

ascorbic acid

Question 17

stops the reaction and minimizes the
combination of other chromogens
■ Terminator sa EVELYN MALLOY

Answer 17

NaCH3COO

Question 18

○ porphobilinogen,
○ sulfonamides
○ Procaine
○ 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

Answer 18

Sources of errors

Question 19

Specimen for ehrlich

Answer 19

2 hour-fresh urine

Question 20

Urine Urobilinogen must be processed immediately.
○ To Prevent oxidation of Urobilinogen to Urobilin.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

Reference range of ehrlichs

Answer 21

0.1-1.0 Ehrlich units/2 hour or 0.5-4.0 Ehrlich units/day
(0.868 mmol/day)
○ 1 Ehrlich’s unit = 1 mg of urobilinogen

Question 22

______ is extracted without a tourniquet due to
hemoconcentration.

Answer 22

Ammonia

Question 23

Increased UBG

Answer 23

PINK/RED

HEMOLYTIC

Question 24

Decreased UBG

Answer 24

NO PINK/RED

obstructive

Question 25

Aqueous extract of fresh feces + Fe(OH)2 + Ehrlich’s reagent → red colored compound

Answer 25

FECAL UROBILINOGEN = EHRLICH’S ALDEHYDE / WATSON’S REACTION

Question 26

To reduce urobilin back to urobilinogen

Answer 26

Fe (OH) 2

Question 27

Reference values for fecal urobilinogen

Answer 27

75-275 Ehrlich’s unit/100 g or 75-400 Ehrlich units/24 hours

Question 28

Type of Bilirubin that is possible to find in the urine

Answer 28

B2

Question 29

TEST FOR BILE SALTS

Answer 29

HAY TEST

Question 30

Degrade fats

Answer 30

bile salts

Question 31

Sprinkle sulfur powder to 5 mL of urine

Answer 31

hay test

Question 32

Sulfur powder floats at the top:

Answer 32

BILE SALTS ABSENT: TOP

Question 33

Sulfur powder sinks to the bottom:

Answer 33

bile salts present = (obstructive jaundice)

Question 34

Measure the products of liver

Answer 34

TOTAL PROTEIN ALBUMIN A- GLOBULIN PROTHROMBIN TIME

Question 35

extrinsic test for synthetic function

Answer 35

prothrombin time (PT)

Question 36

intrinsic test for synthetic function

Answer 36

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Question 37

twst for excretory function

Answer 37

1. excretion of foreign dyes 2. bromsulphaelin test 3. rose bengal test

Question 38

2 mg/kg BW 5’ , 30’ 50%-5 0-100%

Answer 38

rosenthal

Question 39

5 mg/kg BW 45’ +/- 5%

Answer 39

mc donald - bromsulphaelin test

Question 40

Uses tagged 𝐼 131 Radioactivity of the dye Used in Nuclear Medicine Liver is being scanned. ○ Comparing Normal Liver and Liver that has radioactivity from the dye.

Answer 40

rose bengal test

Question 41

OLD methods ● Shaking then determining if there is formation of Foam

Answer 41

urine bilirubin Foam Test: yellow foam (+) Urine Color Inspection: brown to amber (+)

Question 42

urine + BaCl2 → filter ○ If there is filter, therefore there is precipitation precipitate + FeCl3 in TCA → green colored precipitate (+)

Answer 42

fouchet’s test or harrison spot test BaCl2

Question 43

○ Tablet test/Ictotest ○ Strip test ○ Uses DSA.

Answer 43

diazotization test

Question 44

test for detoxification function test Patient is given a sodium benzoate meal ○ Based on the chemical modification detoxification.

Answer 44

quick’s test or hippuric acid test

Question 45

is added to a food to increase its life (Increase Preservation).

Answer 45

sodium benzoate

Question 46

should be excreted in the form of Hippuric Acid.

Answer 46

benzoate

Question 47

Normal Person: 40% of the Benzoate must be excreted in _____

Answer 47

60 minutes

Question 48

biological molecules that act as catalysts, facilitating and accelerating chemical reactions within living organisms. These proteins play a crucial role in various physiological processes by lowering the activation energy required for a specific reaction to occur.

Answer 48

ENZYMES

Question 49

is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with particularly high concentrations in the liver, bones and bile duct. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate groups from various substrates under alkaline conditions.

Answer 49

alkaline phosphatase

Question 50

is an enzyme found in various tissues, with high concentrations in the liver and bile ducts. GGT catalyzes the transfer of gamma-glutamyl groups from molecules such as glutathione to amino acids and peptides.

Answer 50

gamma-glutamyl trasnferase