Endocrinology II Flashcards by Julie Smith thjømøe

Where is the ligand-receptor interactions found

Immune-, GI-, endocrine and neural systems

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The values of the scatchqrd analysis

Bmax: no of binding sites: x axis intersection

Kd: affinity of interaction, lower number = stronger bond, slope of graph

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Feedback mechanism

Neuro-immuno-endocrine regulation

- info from cns and immune system to hypothslamus to respond in “hormone language”

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Membrane receptors: ion channel receptors

Acrtylcholine: na+, voltage gated channel (trigger action pot.), muscle/neural cells

Glutamate: neural+glial cells, Mg2+ as antagonist

Anion receptors: inhibitory synapses in cns: GABA mediated

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IC enzyme receptors

Eg insulin, growth hormone receptors
Autophosphorylation

(Direct phosph. -> other substance is needed for the phosph)

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G protein structure

3 subunits:
Alpha bind GDP -> then bind beta and gamma subunits - these bind the ic side of receptor -> alpha changes GDP for GTP
—> Gs or Gi

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The parvocellular area of the thalamus consists of

Ventromedial nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Infundibular nucleus

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The magnocellular area of the thalamus consists of

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

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What are the motor proteins used in axon transport called, what is this type of transport called?
(To transport up/down axon)

ATP IS USED - found and synthesized in both axon and neural body

Kinesin - from soma to synapse direction
Dynein - residues back to soma

Microtubular transport - direction of tp depends on polarity of transported substance as the microtubulr fibre is polar

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Stimulating and releasing hormones

The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones and the pituitary produces stimulating hormones

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The 4 inhibiting factors of the parvocellular area of the thalamus

Dopamine and Somatostatin are the most important
GABA - general
VIP - indirect effect, specific action

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Origin of neuro- and adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis - ectodermal glandular nervous tissue

Adenohypophysis - endodermal glandular tissue

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Name the 6 hormones of the adenohypophysis according to their function as gonadotropic or metabotropic hormones

Metabotropic hormones: GH, ACTH, TSH ( prod. In groups in AH)

Gonadotropic hormones: PRL, FSH, LH (sporadicslly profuced everywhere)

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Name the adenohypophyseal hormones according to if they are acidophils/basophils

Acidophils: GH, PRL
Basophils: TSH, ACTH

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Half life is determined by

The syalic acid content of the hormone

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What is the precursor of ACTH called?

POMC - pre-proopiomelanocortin

- incr. Bw and function against high stress

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ACTH functions on the cortex adrenal hormones in what way

By incr. IC cAMP –> pkA –> cholesterol cleaving, steroid hormone synthesis (adrenocortical hormones)

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ACTH functions

Melanocyte stimulation –> pigmentation

Incr. Production of adrenocortical hormones –> circadian rythm, menstrual cycle, long term stress symptoms

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GH produced by

Acidophils in the adenohypophysis

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GH fluctation

Pulsating release
High levels at night
Shifting btw incr/decr gh levels

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GH’s indirect on the liver

stimulate activation of thyroid hormones
simulate synthesis of IGF’s aka somatotropin
- prod in response to gh, in liver to promote growth

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why cant IGF exert an effect on insulin receptors

bc. Insulin-like Growth Factor is bound to a protein in the plasma even though it is water soluble

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the two receptors of ADH and their function

AQP1: in vascular smooth muscle to induce contraction which increases the blood pressure

AQP2: in nephron of kidneys -> decrease osmolarity

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types of MSH and their origin

alpha MSH: from ACTH
Beta MSH – formed by beta lipotropin
Gamma MSH – cleaved from the N – terminal of POMC

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pigment granules; resting state vs. "activated" state | - how does the granules travel around the cell?

no color: granules around nucleus color: granules are scattered throughout cell travel along microtubules of cell

short description of melatonine synthesis

Light stimulation through the optic nerve -> suprachiasmatic nucleus ->spinal chord -> cervical ganglion -> CP(corpus pineale) -> norepinephrine release stimulates NAT (N-acetyl transferase) which is a key enzyme in melatonin synth. (transform serotonin -> N-acetylserotonin, which them is turned into melatonin)

pineal gland innervation

not directily connected to the CNS - innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres

pineal gland origin and cell types

glial cells, pinealocytes | ectodermal structure of diencephalon

deiodinases

activativation and deactivation of thyroid hormones

basic structure of thyroid hormones

thyronine frame built by condensing 2 tyrosine frames | iodine found on C3 and C5 of inner and outer rings

name the thyroid hormones

T4 - thyroxine T3 - triiodothyronine rT3 - reverse triiodothyronine (reg. steps)

T4 is carried by which carrier proteins

TBG - thyroid binding globulin (also bind T3) Albumin - also bind some T3 TBPA - thyroid-binding pre-albumin

transit time

the uptake by tissues of thyroid hormones - how long the tissues are in contact with passing amount of blood

long and short transit time where

long: liver: both bound and non-bound hormones are taken up 5sec short: brain: 1 sec, free hormone conc determine hormonal supply

where does the thyroid hormones not have any effect in oxidative processes

brain, gonads, lymphatic organs and smooth muscle

metamorphosis

development after birth/hatching | - TH needed

TH in nervous system development

myelinization and create synaptic connections btw hormones

these hormones are needed for normal development

insulin, GH, TH

goiter

thyroid enlargement due to cell enlargement (hypertrophy) or cell proliferation(hyperplasia)

wolff-chiakoff effect

accumulation of iodine in the thyroid -> decr. hormone production

endemic goiter

high TSH levels -> bigger thyroid -> goiter

adrenal gland origin

cortex: mesoderm medulla: ectoderm

adrenal gland hormone synthesis from what compound

LDL from plasma -> cholesterol -> steroid hormones

androgenic steroids

a type of adrenal hormone | - male sexual hormone produces mostly in testis and adrenal cortex, in lesser extent by ovary and placenta

estrogen steroids

a adrenal hormone, female sexual hormone produced in ovary, adrenal cortex, testis and placenta

corticosterone dominates over cortisol in

rat, rabbit and pidgeon

cortisol and corticosterone occur in equal conc in

dog and cattle

lacking glucocorticoids

Na⁺ loss -> decr. blood volume K⁺ increase -> cardiac weakness Incr. Capillary permeability -> edema develops Muscular weakness Water poisoning

AC overprod

lymph tissue degrades | no of eosinophil and basophil cells decrease

AC removal/destruction

lymphoid hyperplasia (cell proliferation)

GAS

(stress stimuli leads to) general adaptation syndrome

the 4 phases of stress

1. initial stage: ACTH, Cannons reaction(F or F) 2. stage of resistance: glucocorticoids 3. stage of exhaustion or 4. stage of adaptive disorders

the 4 regulaters of mineralocorticoids

1. incr. K⁺ -> incr aldosterone prod 2. renin-angiotensin system activation -> ald. prod. 3. decr. Na⁺ content, but conc remain the same 4. ACTH - permissive effect, only needed for mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) to show its full effect, aldosterone synth will not be terminated if deficiency of ACTH

function of aldosterone

reabs of Na⁺ and secretion of K⁺ | prod of transporters

catecholamines are produced where

epinephrine: adrenal medulla only | NE/dopamine: anywhere in tthe nervous system

synthesis of adrenaline

Phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> DOPA -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> epinephrine

inactivation of catecholamines

MAO and COMT can degrade them alpha1(pre) and alpha2(postsynaptic) receptors: hormone re-uptake

sympathetic-adrenal system

most important regulatory system of CO

NE stimulates which receptors

alpha1 and beta1

E stimulates which receptors

beta2, alpha1

dopamine acts on which receptors

D1 and D2

Endocrinology II Flashcards

(61 cards)