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Digestion Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

GASTRIN function

A

Stimulate

  • gastric-, oancreatic juice secretion
  • motility, endyme secretion
  • growth of intestinal mucosa
  • fascilitate pyloric pump
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2
Q

CCK function

A

Inhibit

- gastric emptying and motility

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3
Q

Fuction of VIP, GIP, secretin and enteroglucan

A

Inhibit
- gastric juice secretion

(secretin = gastrin antagonist)

Stimulate

  • pancreatic-, and intestinal juice secretion
  • gall secretion
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4
Q

Neurohormonal regulation

Central neural regulation:

A

chewing, swallowing, defecation

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5
Q

Neurohormonal regulation

Peripheral neural regulation:

A

gastric, pancreatic, bile secretion, gastrointestinal motility, intestinal juice production

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6
Q

secretion of pepsinogen stimulated by

A

vagus
low blood sugar
HCl secretion (by histamines)

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7
Q

direct way of regulating secretion of gastric juice

A

vagus stim parietal cell to prod HCl

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8
Q

indirect way of regulating secretion of gastric juice

A

G-cells prod gastrin
H-cells prod histamine
–> these bind to receptor or parietal cell to prod HCl

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9
Q

name the aromatic amino acids and by which enzyme at which pH cleaves them

A

tyr
his
phe

pepsin, 1,8-3,8

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10
Q

Amino peptidases:

A

Cleave an amino-acid from the N-terminal of the peptide

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11
Q

Dipeptidases:

A

Cleave dipeptides into amino acids

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12
Q

Dipeptidil-aminopeptidases:

A

Cleave dipeptides from the N-terminal of the peptides

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13
Q

Na+ symport systems on luminal side of enterocytes tp these proteins

A

Are responsible for the transport of neutral amino acids, phe, met, pro and hydroxyproline

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14
Q

By facilitated transport on the luminal side of enterocytes transport these proteins

A

Hydrophobic neutral amino acids and alkaline amino acids

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15
Q

where are APUD cells found and what are they

A

specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides

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16
Q

what triggers depolarization in spike potential in GI

A

stretching of the smooth mm cell
acetylcholine from nerve endings
PS mimic
specific GI hormones

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17
Q

what triggers hyperpolarization in spike potential in GI

A

adrenaline in blood
noradrenalin from nerve endings
specific GI hormones

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18
Q

why is the blood leaving the stomach slightly alkaline?

A

HCl secretion triggers HCO3⁻ tp to interstitium

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19
Q

gastric secretion regulation

A

direct/indirect
cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

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20
Q

gastric secretion; how does the secretion of the different substances occur

A

acetylcholine/chemical stimulis:

G-cells, H-cells, parietal cells ->gastrin, (histamin->) HCl -> pepsinogen

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21
Q

block of H2 receptor

A

cimetidin

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22
Q

block of acetylcholine binding to receptors

A

antropine

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23
Q

what are inhibiting factors of gastric juice secretion

Study These Flashcards
A
  • dilation of duodenum (slow down further evacuation)
  • earlier mentioned hormones
  • chyme being strongly acidic, hyperosmotic or rich in lipids
24
Q

stimulating factors of GI dilation an the function

Study These Flashcards
A

VIP, Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

1 - slow down further evacuation
2 - increase digestion and absorption

25
lack of B12 leads to
anaemia
26
how is the activation of proenzymes activated
enteropeptidase: trypsinogen -> trypsin trypsin: activate other enzymes activation = cleaving enzymes
27
main functions of bile
emulsifying -> digestion of fats secretion of metabolic end products and antibodies into the bile -> excretion
28
primary bile acids and their conjugation, where?
LIVER cholic acid + glycine/taurine -> glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid chenodeoxycholic acid
29
the function of the conjugated bile acids
(bile acids: COOH- dissociate in alkaline pH) conjugated bile acids dissociate at physiological pH --> increased water solubility and efficiency of bile acids in emulsifying lipids pancreatic lipase can only digest lipids at the water/lipid interphase!!
30
2' bile acids and their function
cholic acid -> deoxycholic acid chenodeoxycholic acid -> lithocholic acid increaced lipid solubility- > increased absorption of the bile acids into enterohepatic circulation
31
the main regulators of bile secretion
increased bile secretion - n. vagus - cholecyctokinin (CCK prod) stimulate bile production and inhibit bile salt synthesis - bile salts into enterohepatic circulation - secretin - -> diluted bile
32
what enzyme cleave an alpha-1,4-glucosidic bond in the oral cavity (glucose)
ptyalin (salivary amylase)
33
what transporters are needed for fructose, glucose and galactose to be transported into the blood stream?
fructose - GLUT-5 | glucose/galactose - first co-tp with Na⁺ then GLUT-2 once inside cell
34
end product of fermentation of cellulos
mostly VFA - but in RU also urease is produced by hydrolizing carbmine
35
End products of carb digestion used in ruminant pH regulation ABSORPTION
VFA incr. absorption if the pH in rumen decrease ``` LACTIC ACID (from easily digested carbs), usually little content in rumen but if sudden increace acidosis occur - damage to mucosa ``` AMMONIA from fermentation of protein and urea, decreased absorption if pH decrease
36
what are triglycerides(lipids) digested into
2 fatty acids and 1 2-monoglyceride | +bile salts -> micelle
37
chylomicron
micelle diffuse into cell -> sER 2-monoglyceride + fatty acids -> triglyceride --- > cholesterol and phospholipid -> cholemicron cholemicron + apolipoproteins -> tp and metabolism is now possible (too big to enter caps) -> exocytocis on basolat side -> lymph caps -> thoracic duct -> blood -> entothelial cell -> fat tissue for storage/use in muscle tissue
38
brush border digestion of proteins:
peptidases (endo or exo) into tri/di peptides/free aa's 8-10 Na⁺/Aa. co-transporters at luminal border and fascilitated diffusion
39
peptide digestion by which hormone where
(all produced in pancreas!!) ``` stomach - pepsin (aromatic) small intestines - trypsin (arg, lys) - carboxypeptidases (free C-terminals) - chemotrypsin (tyr, phe) ```
40
increased Na⁺ absporption by hormones
large/small intestines - glucocorticoids colon - aldosterone sodium incr -> K⁺ increase as well
41
what incr/decr food intake in birds
incr: egg prod, low temperature decr: high temp and high protein content in food
42
what birds have gall bladder
hen duck goose pidgeon guinea fowl doesnt
43
when is the resp quotent incr./decr
incr: acidosis(resp compensation), hyperventilation decr: after exercise - O2 dept
44
The 4 motility functions of the reticulum
1. Create liquid flow to cranial sac 2. Less dense/fermented material in reticulum to dorsal sac 3. Reg flow to omasum 4. Make Regurgitation possible by filling cardia and caudal sac (Dilate to let cardia above liquid level for eructation, Motility contractions start from reticulum)
45
Glands and products of bird stomach
Glandular part: Mucous gland - mucin Complex gland - HCl, pepsinogen and mucin
46
Motility of the avian stomach
Primary contraction Gizzard -> duodenum -> gizzard -> glandular stomach (-> duodenum) Secondary contraction Gizzard contract -> content into glandular stomach
47
Avian cecum, functions
1. Mixing contractions and propolsive contractions (stronger, peristalsis and antioeristalsis) 2. Microbial fermentation, VFA absorption ONLY 3. Water absorption from urea solution
48
Avian vs rabbit re-injestion of feces function
COPROPHAGIA Rabbit: proteins, microbial vitamins Birds: end-prods of microbial digestion and vitamin supply
49
Factors of the endocrine system that increase the metabolic rate
Adrenalin Noradrenalin Growth hormone Thyroid hormone (incr secretion)
50
Describe the combination of direct and indirect method of calorimetry
CO2 and O2 consumption + heat production of animal is measured --> gives exact and reliable data Excrete(O2) and temperature(prod) is also measured
51
Respiration quotent, normal value
CO2/O2 (vol/time) 0,7-1,0 Circa value bc.: Gas prod/consumpt are influenced by many factors Qualitative
52
How can we measure the amount of oxidized carbs/fats/proteins
N excrete in urine and expired CO2 and inspired O2
53
Acclimasation aka
Shift of the thermoneutral zone
54
How does calorigenic effect from thyroid hormones affect the body heat
It prolongs the effect of the heat production by incr. BMR
55
Name the 3 factors of dry heat loss
Conduction Convection - air/water touching body Radiation
56
Receptor of heater cells allowing the leakage of calcium
Modified Ryanodine receptor Calcium from SR -> countinous activation of the calcium pump -> heat Epinephrine and thyroxine incr pump activity - futile cycle process

physiology (19 decks)

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