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PHGY-210 > Endocrinology - Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Endocrinology - Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

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2
Q

Addison’s Disease is characterized by the failure of the adrenal cortex to produce what kind of hormones?

A

adrenocortical hormones

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3
Q

What can happen to the adrenal gland in Addison’s Disease?

A

it can be destructed

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4
Q

What can cause Addison’s Disease?

A

autoimmune attacks to the adrenal glands or tuberculosis

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5
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease?

A

hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex

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6
Q

Cushing’s Disease is the excessive production of what 2 steroids?

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

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7
Q

What causes Cushing’s Disease?

A

increased circulating levels of ACTH or adrenal tumour

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8
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease characterized by?

A

hyperplasia of an adrenal cortex or pituitary

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9
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

behind the stomach

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10
Q

99% of the pancreas is ___ and secretes the digestive enzymes.

A

exocrine

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11
Q

What are the small endocrine structures of the pancreas called?

A

islets of Langerhans

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12
Q

What are 60% of the cells of the islets of Langerhans known as?

A

beta-cells

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13
Q

What do beta-cells synthesize?

A

insulin

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14
Q

What are the 25% of the cells of islets of Langerhans known as?

A

alpha-cells

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15
Q

What do alpha-cells synthesize?

A

glucagon

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16
Q

What are insulin and glucagon?

A

small protein hormones and both control glucose concentration in the blood

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17
Q

Which is more important: insulin or glucose?

A

insulin

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18
Q

Insulin is the only hormone that acts primarily to…

A

decrease blood glucose

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19
Q

What is the fasting level of glucose in the blood?

A

80mg/100mL

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20
Q

Why does glucose need to be transported?

A

because it cannot diffuse very readily into most cells

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21
Q

Where does glucose get transported to? (3)

A
  1. in the liver and muscle
  2. in the adipose tissue
  3. in many cells of the body
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22
Q

Where is glucose converted into glycogen?

A

in the liver and muscle cells

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23
Q

Where is glucose converted into fat and stored for later use?

A

in adipose tissue

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24
Q

What is the function of the insulin receptor?

A

it stimulates the insertion of glucose transport proteins stored in cytoplasm into plasma membrane

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25
Q

Do insulin receptors increase or decrease glucose uptake?

A

increase glucose uptake

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26
Q

When does insulin deficiency happen?

A

when beta-cells are destroyed

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27
Q

What kind of disease does insulin deficiency cause?

A

diabetes mellitus

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28
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

when most tissues cannot take up glucose so it accumulates in the circulation

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29
Q

Why does insulin deficiency happen even if there is no glucose in the diet?

A

because of increased gluconeogenesis

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30
Q

What increases when there is insulin deficiency?

A

lipolysis

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31
Q

Why is fat inefficiently used during insulin deficiency?

A

because there is an incomplete oxidation of FFa and increased circulating acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone

32
Q

What mg% does glucose spill over into urine?

A

> 180mg%

33
Q

What is polyurea?

A

loss of water in urine

34
Q

What does glycosurea cause?

A

polyurea and polydipsia

35
Q

What does untreated diabetes lead to? (2)

A

ketosis and metabolic acidosis

36
Q

What needs to be administered in diabetes mellitus to restore individual back to normal?

A

insulin

37
Q

What needs to be administered in diabetic comas?

A

acidosis and associated electrolyte imbalance and insulin

38
Q

In adults, diabetes mellitus may be due to a deficiency of what 2 things?

A
  1. insulin
  2. hyporesponsiveness to insulin
39
Q

What is type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

A

deficiency of insulin

40
Q

What is type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

A

hyporesponsiveness to insulin

41
Q

What happens when beta-cells of the pancreas are destructed?

A

synthesis of insulin does not occur

42
Q

What must be administered when beta-cells in the pancreas are destroyed?

A

insulin

43
Q

Why is it important to control the dose of insulin administered as a treatment for diabetes?

A

because too much insulin could lead to severe decrease in blood glucose content

44
Q

When blood glucose reaches 20-30mg/100ml, the availability of glucose for the brain is not sufficient and the individual may fall into a coma known as ___ or ___.

A

insulin shock, hypoglycemic coma

45
Q

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

when insulin levels are normal or abnormally high

46
Q

What is insulin resistance often due to in type 2 diabetes?

A

decreased number of insulin receptors on target cells

47
Q

What is type 2 diabetes associated with?

A

overeating and obesity

48
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

proper diet and exercise

49
Q

What is juvenile diabetes?

A

when the beta-cells in the pancreas do not produce insulin

50
Q

What is the treatment for juvenile diabetes?

A

administration of insulin

51
Q

When is the glucose tolerance test increased and decreased?

A

increased: in hyperinsulinism
decreased: diabetes

52
Q

What is the person given after an overnight fast during the glucose tolerance test?

A

0.75 to 1.5g of glucose/kg body weight

53
Q

In the glucose tolerance test, blood is taken before and ___ minute intervals for ___ hours.

A

30-60 minutes, 3-4 hours

54
Q

What is the normal result for the glucose tolerance test?

A

glucose increases in 1 hour from 80mg/100mL to 130mg/100mL and returns back to normal after 2-3 hours

55
Q

What is the result for a diabetic for the glucose tolerance test?

A

increase in glucose is greater and returns to normal more slowly

56
Q

What responds to levels of blood glucose?

A

beta cells

57
Q

increase in blood glucose = ___ insulin secretion

A

increase

58
Q

decrease in blood glucose = ___ insulin secretion

A

decrease

59
Q

What impulses to beta cells induce insulin release?

A

gastrin and vagal impulses

60
Q

How does glucagon raise blood sugar?

A

by promoting glycogenolysis and glucogenesis in the liver

61
Q

What kind of tissue increases the rate of lipolysis?

A

adipose tissue

62
Q

What controls the release of glucagon?

A

concentrations of glucose in the circulation

63
Q

decrease in glucose = ___ alpha cells synthesis of glucagon

A

increase

64
Q

___>glucagon

A

insulin

65
Q

What produces growth hormone?

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary

66
Q

What 2 things does the growth hormone increase?

A
  1. protein synthesis
  2. lipolysis
67
Q

Are growth hormones mediated by somatomedins?

A

no

68
Q

Where are somatomedins produced?

A

in the liver

69
Q

What stimulates the production of somatomedins?

A

growth hormone

70
Q

What are somatomedins structurally similar to?

A

insulin

71
Q

What is the function of somatomedins?

A

increase protein synthesis and stimulate growth

72
Q

What 2 hypothalmic neurohormones control the release of the growth hormone?

A
  1. somatoliberin
  2. somatostatin
73
Q

What does somatoliberin do?

A

stimulates GH release

74
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

inhibits GH release

75
Q

What happens to growth in young individuals if they have GH deficiency?

A

it decreases

76
Q

What happens to young individuals if they have excess GH?

A

gigantism

77
Q

What happens to adults if they have excess GH?

A

acromegaly (bones get longer and heavier)

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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