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PHGY-210 > Respiration - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Respiration - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the chest wall include?

A

the rib cage, diaphragm and the abdominal wall

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2
Q

What happens to the visceral pleura when the lungs fill the chest?

A

it comes in contact with the parietal pleura

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3
Q

How do the lung and chest operate together?

A

in series with one another

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4
Q

Are the lungs directly attached to the chest wall?

A

no

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5
Q

How are the visceral and parietal pleura coupled together?

A

by a thin layer of liquid that fills the intrapleural space

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6
Q

What is the function of the liquid inside the intrapleural space?

A

it allows the lungs to slide against the internal wall of the chest during breathing and to follow the change in thoracic configuration

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7
Q

What is pleural pressure?

A

the pressure that can be measured in the liquid-filled space between lung and chest

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8
Q

At rest, what sign is the pleural pressure?

A

negative

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9
Q

Why is the pleural pressure negative at rest?

A

because of the opposing forced acting on the lung and the chest wall

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10
Q

What happens if a hole is punctured through the chest wall?

A

the lungs collapse and the chest springs outwards (pneumothorax)

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11
Q

What do we measure to evaluate the elastic properties of the respiratory system?

A

changes in the recoil pressure of each separate structure for a given change in lung volume

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12
Q

How are pressures measured for the respiratory system?

A

manometers or pressure transducers

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13
Q

What does “negative pressure” indicate?

A

a pressure below atmospheric pressure

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14
Q

What does “positive pressure” indicate?

A

a pressure above atmospheric pressure

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15
Q

What is the recoil pressure defined as?

A

the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the structure

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16
Q

What is the trans-chest-wall pressure?

A

the difference between the pleural pressure and the pressure at the body surface

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17
Q

How can we measure pleural pressure?

A

using a flexible balloon introduced into the esophagus

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18
Q

Why does esophageal pressure provide a close approximation of pleural pressure?

A

because the esophagus is located between the two pleural spaces

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19
Q

What is the formula for trans-chest-wall pressure?

A

Pw = pleural pressure - body surface

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20
Q

How is the transpulmonary pressure measured?

A

Pl = Palv - Ppl

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21
Q

How is the transrespiratory system pressure measured?

A

Prs = Palv - Pbs
Prs = Pl + Pw

22
Q

How can we calculate Pbs?

A

Pbs = Ppl - Pw

23
Q

How can we calculate the Palv?

A

Palv = Pl + Ppl

24
Q

What is the compliance of the lungs?

A

a parameter that refers to the ease with which each of these structures can be distended

25
Q

What is the procedure for measuring the respiratory system compliance?

A

determine the static pressure-volume relationship while lung volume is decreased step by step from TLC

26
Q

How is compliance expressed?

A

as the volume change in the lungs for a unitary change in pressure

27
Q

When is compliance of the lungs altered?

A

in diseases such as emphysema and fibrosis

28
Q

The pressure required to maintain a given volume of gas inside the lungs ___ as the volume increases

A

increases

28
Q

What is the pressure difference between the alveoli and the pleural space?

A

the pressure required to maintain the lungs at a given inflation volume against their tendency to recoil elasticity

29
Q

What is the formula for compliance of the lungs?

A

Cl = V / (Palv - Ppl)

30
Q

How is the elastic recoil of the lungs produced?

A

by the elasticity of the lung tissue

31
Q

How do a large part of the recoil forces arise from?

A

the properties of the liquid film lining the inside of the lungs

32
Q

What is the formula for elastic recoil?

A

El = (Palv - Ppl) / V

33
Q

How is the elastic recoil of the lungs produced?

A

by the elasticity of the lung tissue

34
Q

How do some recoil forces arise from other than the elasticity of the lung tissue?

A

from the liquid film lining the inside of the lungs

35
Q

Why does the liquid film lining the inside of the lungs generate substantial force?

A

because the surface area of the film is very large

36
Q

What also has elastic properties that cause it to recoil either inward or outward, depending on its volume?

A

the tissues of the thorax

37
Q

What is the compliance of the thoracic defined as?

A

a change in thoracic volume and a change in pressure across the chest wall

38
Q

What is the formula for the compliance of the chest wall?

A

Cw = V/ Ppl

39
Q

What is the sign of the pressure reported when measuring the compliance of the lungs?

A

positive

40
Q

When does the chest wall tend to collapse?

A

only after reaching a volume after 60% vital capacity

41
Q

What is the sign of the pressure in the chest wall?

A

sometimes positive sometimes negative

42
Q

What is the Prs at FRC?

A

zero

43
Q

Why is the Prs zero at FRC?

A

because the system is at rest

44
Q

What causes the stable condition of the Prs at FRC?

A

the inward recoil of the lungs (Pl is about +5 cmH2O) which is balanced by the outward recoil of the chest wall (Pcw is about -5 cmH2O)

45
Q

At FRC, how are the lungs and chest?

A

the lungs are above their resting volume and the chest is below its resting volume

46
Q

Why does air enter the pleural space during pneumothorax?

A

because Ppl is less than atmospheric pressure

47
Q

What happens to the lungs during pneumothorax?

A

they collapse to their resting position below RV

48
Q

What happens to the chest wall during pneumothorax?

A

it expands towards its resting position at 60% total lung capacity

49
Q

Why is pneumothorax a life-threatening emergency?

A

because the lungs are uncoupled from the chest wall

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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