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PHGY-210 > GIT - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

GIT - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine secretions move into the…

A

blood

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2
Q

Exocrine secretions move into the…

A

lumen of the gut

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3
Q

ANS – “modulates” ENS activity via

A

LONG, EXTRINSIC REFLEXES

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4
Q

ENS regulates GIT via

A

ANS – “modulates” ENS activity via LONG, EXTRINSIC REFLEXES – synaptic connections with ENS neuronsSHORT, INTRAMURAL REFLEXES

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5
Q

What causes activation of the ANS?

A

signals at the level of the gut that send sensory afferents to the CNS

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6
Q

What is the pathway of long extrinsic reflexes?

A
  1. chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
  2. afferent neurons
  3. central nervous system
  4. efferent autonomic neurons (S or PS)
  5. nerve plexus
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7
Q

Where do efferent autonomic neurons synapse?

A

nerve plexus

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8
Q

Where do long extrinsic reflexes happen?

A

outside the gut wall

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9
Q

What are 2 direct ways we can activate the ANS?

A
  1. sight, smell, taste of food
  2. emotional state
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10
Q

The ___ modulates the activity of the ENS.

A

ANS

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11
Q

Parasympathetic is ___, whereas sympathetic is ___.

A

excitatory, inhibitory

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12
Q

Parasympathetic may also ___ inhibitory neurons.

A

excite

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13
Q

Sympathetic may also ___ inhibitory neurons.

A

inhibit

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14
Q

The activities of the GIT are integrated for high functional efficiency by which 2 mechanisms?

A

neural and hormonal mechanisms

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15
Q

What do non-GIT hormones influence?

A

growth and development of GIT

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16
Q

What do GIT hormones influence?

A

activities outside the GIT

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17
Q

What is released by glands in the stomach during fasting?

A

ghrelin

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18
Q

What does ghrelin activate?

A

hypothalamic “feeding centre”

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19
Q

What does ghrelin stimulate?

A

hunger and increases apetite

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20
Q

What is released by fat cells with overeating?

A

leptin

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21
Q

What does leptin activate?

A

hypothalamic “feeding centre”

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22
Q

What does leptin induce?

A

satiety and decreases apetite

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23
Q

What is DES?

A

diffuse endocrine system

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24
Q

Where is the DES scattered?

A

among cells in the mucosa

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25
Q

What is the largest, most diverse endocrine system in the body?

A

DES

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26
Q

What are the 5 important GI hormones?

A
  • gastrin
  • CCK
  • secretin
  • GIP
  • VIP
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27
Q

What are the 3 different modes of hormone regulation?

A

autocrine, paracrine and endocrine effects

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28
Q

What is the autocrine effect?

A

the hormone released by an endocrine cells have effects on cells that release that hormone

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29
Q

What is the paracrine effect?

A

the hormone released by paracrine cells have effects on nearby cell

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30
Q

What is the endocrine effect?

A

the hormone released by the endocrine cells move through the capillary and have effects on target tissues

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31
Q

What are GIT regulatory hormones classified as?

A

peptides

32
Q

Where are GIT regulatory hormones released from? Where do they go?

A

mucosa into portal blood

33
Q

How do GIT regulatory hormones go to portal blood?

A

through the hepatic portal vein

34
Q

What is the pathway of GIT regulatory hormones?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. portal blood
  3. liver
  4. heart
  5. systemic circulation
  6. target cells
35
Q

What are the 2 targets of GIT regulatory hormones?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

36
Q

What do GIT regulatory hormones interact with?

A

one another and with neurotransmitters

37
Q

What are the 2 effects that GIT regulatory hormones have?

A
  1. synergistic
  2. antagonistic
38
Q

What happens during motility?

A

propulsion and physical breakdown

39
Q

Which layer of the GIT is important during motility?

A

muscularis externa (longitudinal and circular fibers)

40
Q

What contributes to variations of flow in the GIT?

A
  1. gradients of pressure
  2. variations in resistance
41
Q

What creates gradients of pressure in the GIT?

A

coordinated contractions of muscular elements in the GIT wall

42
Q

What are the 2 types of motility that the circular muscles produce?

A

segmentation and peristalsis

43
Q

What is segmentation good for?

A

mixing

44
Q

What is peristalsis good for?

A

propulsion

45
Q

What is flow in the GIT mainly driven by?

A

gradients in pressure

46
Q

Normally, is there resistance in the GIT?

A

there is little to none

47
Q

Why are sphincters closed at rest?

A

to prevent the contents moving from one part of the GIT to another

48
Q

What would happen if the lower esophageal sphincter was open?

A

there will be stomach acid moving to the esophagus which could lead to heartburn

49
Q

What kind of flow is in the GIT?

A

slow

50
Q

What direction does food move in the GIT?

A

aboral direction

51
Q

What does aboral mean?

A

food is moving away from the mouth

52
Q

Why is there little/no resistance in the GIT?

A

because the sphincters always open at the appropriate time

53
Q

Why is swallowing highly regulated?

A

because we don’t want food to move up into our nose

54
Q

What is the scientific term for swallowing?

A

deglutition

55
Q

What are the 4 phases of deglutition?

A
  1. oral
  2. pharyngeal
  3. esophageal
  4. gastric
56
Q

Which phase of deglutition is the only one that is voluntary?

A

oral

57
Q

What conveys food from the mouth to the esophagus through a process called deglutition?

A

the pharynx

58
Q

What organ transports food into the stomach?

A

esophagus

59
Q

What 2 sphincters of the esophagus must be relaxed in order for food to be transported?

A

the upper and lower esophageal sphincters

60
Q

What happens during the oral phase?

A

transport of food from the mouth to the pharynx

61
Q

What is a sticky mass of food called?

A

bolus

62
Q

What closes off the nose during the oral phase so that food doesn’t go up to the nose?

A

the soft palate

63
Q

What closes off the airway when swallowing food?

A

the epiglottis

64
Q

The voluntary aspect of swallowing happens via what kind of processing?

A

cortical processing

65
Q

What is activated when you decide you want to swallow?

A

deglutition center

66
Q

What kind of reflexes is found in the deglutition centre?

A

involuntary reflexes

67
Q

Where in the brain is the deglutition centre found?

A

medulla

68
Q

What happens to the pharyngeal receptors during the pharyngeal phase?

A

they stretch

69
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

the region where respiratory and digestive tracks cross

70
Q

Why do people who have strokes have trouble swallowing?

A

because it involves a lot of coordination

71
Q

What happens to the vocal chords in the larynx during the pharyngeal phase?

A

reflective contraction

72
Q

What happens to the glottis when the larynx closes it?

A

it becomes closed

73
Q

During the pharyngeal phase, UES ___ and pharyngeal muscle ___.

A

relaxes, contracts

74
Q

Why do pharyngeal muscles contract?

A

to push bolus across the relaxed UES into the esophagus

75
Q

What are the steps during the pharyngeal phase?

A
  1. passages to nose, mouth, and trachea blocked
  2. apnea
  3. UES relaxes
  4. pharynx muscles contract
76
Q

What happens to respiration during the pharyngeal phase?

A

it is briefly inhibited

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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