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Mammalian Physiology > Endocrinology- lecture 4 > Flashcards

Endocrinology- lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

which 2 systems are intimately connected to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine and nervous (neuroendocrine)

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2
Q

differences between nervous and endocrine

A

nervous–> each nerve cell terminates on a specific target ( wired)
- rapid and short lived effects
- can only stimulate muscles and glands across a synapse
endocrine–> wireless
- can access most tissues and cells ( not just muscle and glands)
- slower and longer lived

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3
Q

Neural specificity is due to ____ proximity

A

anatomic

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4
Q

endocrine glands are ______ glands, made of __________ white cells manufacture and secrete hormones

A

Ductless glands,

Glandular epithelium

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5
Q

endocrine vs exocrine

A

endocrine secrete hormones into the blood and have no ducts; whereas exocrine secrete products from ducts such as tear ducts and sweat glands

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6
Q

there are a few endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers into the bloodstream that are made from?

A

neurosecretory tissue

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

master gland

  • receives input and acts accordingly
  • it controls the release of hormones in the anterior pituitary through releasing and inhibiting factors
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8
Q

what does TSH do?

what gland releases it?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone tells the thyroid cells to produce thyroxine (T4) and T3
- Anterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormones ? from where?

A

stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex and comes from the AP gland

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10
Q

Growth hormone ? and from where?

A

anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

FSH- follicle-stimulating hormone and LH- luteinizing hormone, from what gland?

A

act on gonads, growth of follicles, ovulation - from AP

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12
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

from AP gland and used form milk synthesis

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13
Q

MSH- melanocyte stimulating hormone is from what gland?

A

from AP gland

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14
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

Vasopressin ( anti-diuretic) and Oxytocin ( milk let down)

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15
Q

what does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

what does thyroid gland produce?

A

T3 and T4 (thyroxine), calcitonin

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17
Q

Adrenal cortex gland produces?

A
  • mineralocorticoids ex. aldosterone ( acts on kidneys to conserve salt, to retain water)
  • corticosteroids such as cortisol
  • androgens ex. DHEA (sex steroids)
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18
Q

Adrenal medulla gland produces?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine- stress adaptation

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19
Q

Pancreas gland produces?

A

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

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20
Q

Gonads gland produces?

A

testosterone and estrogen and progesterone

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21
Q

what is graves disease?

A

most common form of hyperthyroidism
- an immune system protein mimics TSH (autoimmune disease- meaning that the body thinks it is under attack by itself)
-

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22
Q

2 hydrophilic hormones are?

A

insulin and catecholamine ( adrenal hormones) epinephrine

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23
Q

which hormones are lipophilic?

A

thyroid hormones and steroids ( cortisol and sex hormones)

24
Q

Tropic hormones are hormones that _________

A

target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion of other hormones. for example ACTH ( which comes from the AP gland) and targets the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

25
Anabolic hormones stimulate?
anabolism ( to build) in target cells such as testosterone stimulating protein synthesis and the building of muscle
26
all hormones are transported in the blood however they are not ______ the same way
transported
27
Hydrophilic hormones are dissolved in the ____, lipophilic hormones are bound reversibly to _________,
``` plamsa, plasma proteins ( these hormones get release by the plasma proteins when they actively signal target cells) ```
28
difference between hydrophilic hormones and lipophilic hormones and receptors?
receptors on surface vs inside membrane
29
Hydrophilic hormone synthesis vs lipophilic synthesis?
hydro- preproxhormones are made on ribosomes on the ER, Golgi convert to pro hormones and then finally become hormones ( they are peptide chains bc proteins)- released by exocytosis lipo- enzymatic steps in modifying cholesterol in a specific cell. Only cholesterol is stored, not the lipophilic hormones ( excreted or metabolized)
30
examples of non-steroids hormones
glycoprotein hormones, protein hormones, peptide hormones, AA derivitive hormones- each derived from a single AA--> thyroid amine hormones which are made from tyrosine
31
how to make tyrosine?
from a single tyrosine AA, add 4 molecules of iodine!
32
How do hormones work?
they signal a cell by binding to the target cells specific receptor
33
3 combined hormone actions?
synergism, permissiveness and antagonism
34
permissiveness
when one hormone enables a second one to have its full effect
35
antagonism hormone
one produces the opposite effect o the other ( ex. parathyroid to increase blood Ca2+ and calcitonin to decrease)
36
how are hormones terminated?
they have a half life and are degraded into inactive metabolites in the liver and then excreted
37
Steroid hormones regulate cells by?
regulating the production of certain critical proteins that will illicit the cellular response --> this is bc they go into the cytosol, bind to receptor molecule to form hormone-receptor complex and then more to the nucleus and activates a certain gene!
38
up-regulation means?
increased number of hormone receptors which increases the sensitivity to hormones
39
down-regulation
decreased number of hormone receptors
40
non steroid hormones usually trigger?
second messenger responses
41
control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a ______ loop?
negative feedback ( either by the changes produced by its target cell or by another glands target cell rresponse
42
infundibulum
stemlike stalk that connects pituitary to hypothalamus
43
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) targets?
``` bone/musculoskeletal (GH) adrenal cortex (ACTH) Thyroid ( TSH) Gonads-estes and ovaries (Gonadotrophic hormones) Mammary glands (prolactin-PRL) ```
44
posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) releases
oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
45
neuro-secretory cells have their bodies directly in the ____ and their axon terminals in the _______-.
hypothalamus | posterior pituitary
46
what are the five functional types of secretory cells that exist in the adenohypophysis and what do they secrete?
1) somatotrophs- GH (act on musculoskeletal ) 2) Corticotrophs- ACTH and MSH ( act on adrenal cortex) 3) Thyrotrophs- TSH 4) Lactotrophs- PRL 5) Gonadotrophs- LH and FSH
47
Growth hormones ( what gland secretes them and what secretory cells secrete them) and what is their role?
secreted by somatotrophs in the adenohypophysis - protein anabolism to promote growth in muscle - lipid catabolism - which has a hyperglycaemic affect
48
hyperglycemic affect of GH
GH and insulin have opposite effects. GH affects metabolism in 3 ways - promotes protein anabolism - lipid mobilization and catabolization - indirectly inhibits glucose metabolism by shifting energy use to lipid catabolism - this indirectly increases blood glucose
49
Prolactin ( what gland secretes them and what secretory cells secrete them) and what is their role?
produced by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary | - promotes development of milk
50
Tropic Hormones (what gland secretes them and what secretory cells secrete them) and what is their role?
tropic hormones are hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands and tend to stimulate the synthesis ad secretion of the target hormone
51
What are the 4 tropic hormones produced by the adenohypophysis?
1) TSH 2) ACTH 3) FSH 4) LH
52
FSH role?
in females--> acts on ovary, secretion of estrogen | in males--> maintains spermatogenesis
53
LH roles?
in females- stimulates formation and activity of corpus luted of ovary in males- stimulates cells in testes to develop and secrete testosterone
54
Cushing disease
hyper secretion of cortisol
55
hypo thyroid secretion
puffiness, slow heart rate, low bod temp, dry hair and skin | causes- iodine def, stress
56
type 2 diabetes
loss of tissue sensitivity to insulin

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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