Respiratory System

Question 1

how does respiratory tract know when to breath

Answer 1

sensory input: the pneumotaxic centre and apneustic centre of the pons receive signal from the chemo receptors, relay to medullary rhythmicity area and the cerebral cortex can override the automatic control of breathing

Question 2

function include

Answer 2

external respiration
transport of gases by blood
internal respiration
regulation of respiration

Question 3

2 divisions

Answer 3

upper and lower tracts

and accessory structures

Question 4

upper tract

Answer 4

nasal, esophagus pharynx

Question 5

lower

Answer 5

lungs, trachea, larynx, bronchial tree

Question 6

muscles of inspiration

Answer 6

external intercostals
scalene
sternocleidomastoids

Question 7

muscles of expiration

Answer 7

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Question 8

cleft palate casues

Answer 8

genetic and non-genetic

Question 9

what provides a large mucus-covered surface over which the air must travel in the nose

Answer 9

the turbinates

Question 10

connects the upper and lower airways

Answer 10

pharynx

Question 11

nasopharynx

Answer 11

top, closest to nose

Question 12

oropharynx

Answer 12

by mouth

Question 13

laryngopharynx

Answer 13

last bottom portion of the pharynx , right before getting to the larynx

Question 14

accessory structures

Answer 14

oral cavities, rib cage and diaphragm

Question 15

connects the larynx to the bronchi

Answer 15

trachea ( windpipe)

Question 16

trachea

Answer 16

smooth muscle in which cartilage C rings are embedded

- connects the larynx to the bronchi

Question 17

the brachial walls have ____ layers? what are they?

Answer 17

3 layers: epithelial, SM. and CT

• goblet and ciliated cells

Question 18

pharynx

Answer 18

cone-shaped passage way leading the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and the larynx

Question 19

the pharynx serves both ____ and _____ functions

Answer 19

digestive and respiratory

Question 20

epiglottis

Answer 20

a flap that covers the passage of food from the lungs

Question 21

larynx

Answer 21

called the voice box

• between the pharynx and the trachea
• pharynx splits into esophagus and the larynx

Question 22

primary gas exchangers

Answer 22

alveoli

Question 23

what are alveoli

Answer 23

bronchioles subdivided to form tiny tube called alveolar ducts, which end in clusters of alveoli called alveolar sacs

Question 24

pores of kohn

Answer 24

discrete holes in the walls of adjacent alveoli

• provide for collateral ventilation ( ventilation of alveoli via pathways that bypass oral airways)
• may describe why diseases spreads quick in lungs

Question 25

contraction of the diaphragm

Answer 25

inspiration

Question 26

during inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure _____

Answer 26

decreases, so that air flows into the lungs | - diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing thoracic volume

Question 27

gas / air will travel o area with _____ pressure?

Answer 27

lower

Question 28

how is pressure gradient established in the lungs

Answer 28

thoracic cavity volume / size

Question 29

expansion of the thorax and downward movement of diaphragm, decreases _____ pressure, leading to a decrease in _____ pressure

Answer 29

intra pleural pressure, alveolar pressure

Question 30

in the jar and ballon model what does the space inside represent

Answer 30

the intrapleural space

Question 31

surfactant

Answer 31

acts to decrease the attraction between water and molecules - it is a lipoprotein - on the surface of the alveolus - they intersperse themselves between water molecules and therefore promote the expansion of the lungs - if no there- water mols would clump together and shrink the alveolus

Question 32

type 1 alveolar cells vs type 2

Answer 32

type 1 most abundant- gas exchange | type 2- produces surfactant

Question 33

what factors determine the amount of O2 going into the blood

Answer 33

surface area (the total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane), respiratory volume, alveolar ventilation

Question 34

structural factors that help facilities blood taking up oxygen

Answer 34

only a thing layer of blood goes through capilaries, so that each RBC comes in contact with O2, large SA, thin walls of alveoli and capillaries

Question 35

negative feedback of respiration

Answer 35

high P CO2 is detected by chemoreceptors in brain and in heart, signal to efferent muscles to increase contractions

Question 36

medullary rhythmicity center

Answer 36

sensors from the nervous system provide feedback to the medullary rhythmicity center - influcened by changes in P o2, pCo2, and pH

Question 37

a decrease in blood pH ...

Answer 37

means less co2, stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors to slow breathing

Question 38

emphysema

Answer 38

when walls of alveoli are torn and cannot be repaired- alveoli fuse into large air spaces

Question 39

asthma

Answer 39

hyperinflation of alveoli, mucus and smooth muscle constriction --> restricted airway

Question 40

cerebral cortex role in breathing

Answer 40

voluntary --> when doing yoga | increases or decreases strength of respiration

Question 41

apneustic center

Answer 41

long deep breaths and control intesity and is inhibited by stretch receptors of pulmonary muscles - stops over expansion of lungs

Question 42

respiration

Answer 42

basal rate maintains by brain stem, but we can over ride this with cerebral cortex

Question 43

pneumotaxic center

Answer 43

inhibit respiration | cause us to exhale

Question 44

theses centres are controlled by

Answer 44

signals that monitor chemical composition of blood | - chemoreceptors in heart ad brain

Question 45

medullary rhythmicity center

Answer 45

totally subconsciously vRG- ventral rhythmic --> exhalation dorsal--> inspiration

Question 46

Phrenic nerve

Answer 46

stimulates diaphragm

Question 47

VRG

Answer 47

exhalation

Question 48

DRG

Answer 48

inhalation

Question 49

skeletal muscle in diaphragm

Answer 49

allows us to control through cerebral cortex

Question 50

where are chemoreceptors found?

Answer 50

aortic sinus and carotid bodies

Question 51

is larynx part of lower or upper tract

Answer 51

lower

Question 52

right side

Answer 52

3 lobes

Question 53

left side

Answer 53

2 lobes

Question 54

farther from trachea, you get more ___ and less____

Answer 54

more smooth muscle less cartilage

Question 55

external intercostals for

Answer 55

inhalation, along with diaphragm

Question 56

internal intercostals

Answer 56

exhalation

Question 57

nose function

Answer 57

preconditioning air (warming the air and humidifying it) - mucus - protect lower tract

Question 58

cleft patate

Answer 58

- neural tube defeat - failure to close of palatial bone - genetic and non-genetic forms

Question 59

what can prevent cleft palate?

Answer 59

folic acid

Question 60

turbinate in nose function

Answer 60

moistens air - creates turbulence

Question 61

Eustachian tube

Answer 61

what gets block on airplane bc change in pressure

Question 62

sound production

Answer 62

mainly the larynx but pharynx can help too

Question 63

psedo-stratified epithelium in trachea

Answer 63

are ciliated and have lots of goblet cells

Question 64

smokers cough

Answer 64

no cilia, so mucus production - wet cough

Question 65

which cell form alveolar wall?

Answer 65

type 1 phnemocytes

Question 66

increase in volume

Answer 66

decrease in pressure

Question 67

2 pleural membranes

Answer 67

parietal in contact with the diaphragm | and the visceral one is inside

Question 68

what causes intra pleural pressure

Answer 68

drop in parietal membrane attached to diaphragm, cause stretch, drop in intra pleural pressure

Question 69

ballon represents

Answer 69

visceral pleural

Question 70

if the pH drops it means?

Answer 70

co2 increases pH drops (acidity increases) | CO2 + h2O--> carbonic acid --> bicarbonate acid and H+