reproductive system Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
epididymus
A
where sperm go to mature and hang out before ejaculation
2
Q
sertoli cells
A
somatic nurse cells
- direct contact with germ cells as they become spermatids
- keep them healthy and well nourished
3
Q
spermatogonium what are they? how do we not run out of them?
A
precursor for mature sperm (germ cells)
- they undergo mitosis- one (primary spermatocyte) will continue on path to become a mature spermatid, while the other gets recycled and stays as a spermatogonium
4
Q
what occurs between spermatogonium and primary spermatocyte?
A
mitosis (identical )
5
Q
what occurs between primary spermatocyte and secondary spermatocyte?
A
meiosis 1 (separation of homologous chromosomes)
goes from 2n to 1n
6
Q
between secondary spermatocyte and spermatid
A
meiosis II ( separation of sister chromatids)
7
Q
spermiogenesis
A
between spermatid and spermatozoa
8
Q
FSH acts on _______ to stimulate _______
A
Sertoli cells, spermatogenesis
9
Q
LH acts on________ to stimulate ________
A
Leydig cells, testosterone
10
Q
inhibin
A
- secreted by gonads (Sertoli cells in males and granulose in females)
- it acts to inhibit the secretion of FSH
11
Q
Androgen-binding protein (ABP) bound to test act to
A
stimulate spermagenesis
12
Q
doubling time oftestis tutors is
A
10-30 days
13
Q
2 parts of the uterus
A
cervix and body
14
Q
where does fertilization usually occur
A
ampulla or the ampulla/isthmus junction
15
Q
top rounded part of the uterus
A
fundus
16
Q
meiosis 2 completes only if _______ occurs
A
fertilization
during ovulation, egg is haunted in meiosis II
17
Q
what contains the developing oocyte
A
ovarian follicles
18
Q
what are ovaries
A
endocrine organs that secrete female sex hormones
19
Q
isthmus
A
part of tube that connects to the body of uterus
20
Q
infundibulum
A
the end of the tube ( closest to the fimbriae
21
Q
oviducts
A
are the fallopian tubes
22
Q
what can lead to an ectopic pregnancy
A
damaged cilia
inflammation
infection –> sexully transmitted disease- cue scaring
23
Q
what layer scoffs off each month
A
endometrium
24
Q
what type of epithelium cells in oviduct
A
simple columnar
- ciliated
25
follicular stage
FSH acts on the primary follicle to produce estrogen which causes mitosis of granulose cells and follicle growth/maturity
26
Luteal stage/secretory phase/ corpus lute stage
corpus lute forms from the ruptured follicle
| - luteinizing hormone from the pituitary stimulate the corpus letup to produce progesterone and estrogen
27
what does estrogen promote ? what secretes estrogen?
thickening of the uterine lining
| - granulose cells in the follicle produce estrogen
28
what keeps the pituitary from secreting more FSH ?
inhibit and the moderate levels of estrogen in the first half of cycle
29
why don't we want more FSH ? why is there this negative feedback loop with inhibin
we only want one follicle to mature
| FSH is what stimulates a follicle to mature and produce estrogen
30
what causes a switch from neg feedback to positive feedback?
at a certain high level of estrogen, it switches to positive feedback, where high estrogen causes a spike in FSH and LH- this spike is the key to induce ovulation (day 14)
31
what can block the LH surge?
constant high levels of estrogen ( birth control pill ) therefor blocking ovulation
32
the corpus luteal forms from the ?
ruptured follicle after ovulation
33
LH from the pituitary stimulates??
the corpus luteal to produce estrogen and progesterone and for the remaining grandulosa cells to lutienize
34
what do estrogen and progesterone promote in the luteal phase?
vascularization in preparation for implantation after ovulation
35
what happens if pregnancy occurs
the embryo produces the pregnancy recognition hormone HCG which maintains the CL and progesterone levels to prevent the return to the estrous cycle
36
what happens if no pregnancy occurs
the corpus luteal regresses and the inhibitory effect of progesterone, inhibit and estrogen is removed so the cycle restarts
37
what does progesterone stimulate
blood vessels to supply the uterus, nutrients to the womb, prep for baby
38
menses and proliferary phases in the uterus correspond to what ovarian phase
follicular
39
where is the primary oocyte arrested in after birth
prophase of meiosis I --> first polar body is not used and secondary oocytes is produced ( haploid)
40
once puberty starts where does primary oocyte start meiosis?
prophase I, then goes to almost the end of meiosis II
41
hCG
human chorionic gonadotrophin - binds to LH receptors on the CL to promote progesterone synthesis --> keep uterine walls thick and ensure CL doesn't break down
42
what takes over P and E production after pregnancy
placenta
43
combined pill
synthetic estrogen and progestin --> keep estrogen high so no spike occurs to have LH surge-> no ovulation
44
mini - pill
only progesterone
| keeps uterus thick
45
PCOS
endocrine disorder common cause of infertiliby
1/10 woman
follicules développe but do not rupture/ovulate --> cystic follicles
46
how does PCOS affect metabolic function
elevated testosterone, abnormal FSH, LH
| - more testosterone turning to DHT
47
what stimulates contractions in the uterus?
prostaglandins in the seminal fluid
48
what do sperm penetrate and then bind to
penetrate granulose cells and penetrate zona pellucid
49
once sperm has entered?
MII is completed and second polar body is extruded and now called a zygote
50
what happens once sperm binds to ZP
it releases acrosomal contents - proteases which permits its entry into the perivitelline space then to the egg
51
what activates the egg?
Ca2+ rapidly rising to stimulate PLC
52
hardening of what prevents other sprem from entering
zona pellucid
53
optimal time for fertilization
24hours after ovulation
54
what accounts for 61% of first trimester miscarages
aneuploidy ( increased risk with age)
55
steps in fertilization
1. cumulus interaction (granulose cells) 2. ZP interaction 3. adhesion to egg membrane 4. fusion with egg membrane 5. egg activation
56
how many days to get to uterus
3-5 days
57
what promotes entry of egg into uterus
increasing P from CL binds to smooth muscle cells in Fallopian tube to tell them to relax and let cell enter
58
once enters the uterus morula is called
blastocyte
59
morula
solid mass of cells formed from zygote- once it is 8 cells in size- takes 3 days
60
blastocyte
once cells start to differentiate and it is in the uterus
61
integrins on epitheliual
are present fro attachment in uterus
62
when can you detect hcg levels
20-22 days
63
what organs jobs does placenta fill for the fetus?
respiratory, excretory, endocrine
64
what hormones does placenta excrete/produce
hCG--> tells CL to keep producing P and E, at about 4 months placenta takes over and secretes P and E
65
how does blood transfer happen from mom to baby
fetal chorionic epithelium is bathed in maternal blood
66
embryonic phase
fertilization until week 8
67
fetal phase
8-39 weeks
68
what maintains E and P in early pregnancy
high levels of hCg by placenta, telling CL to keep secreting them
69
what prevents mensuration after pregnency
hCG
70
stage one of labour
uterine contractions to cervical dilation
71
stage 2 of labour
max dilation till baby exits
72
stage 3 of labour
expulsion of the placenta through the vagina
73
what normally block contractions
progesterone ( when labour comes, this drops)
74
what hormones are released to stimulate labour
1. fetal oxytocin
2. fetal cortisol
3. Prostoglandins
4. maternal oxytocin
5. prolactin
6. relaxin
75
cervical stretch increases
oxytocin from pituitary glans which increases contractions
| - prostaglandin also increases contractions
76
organochlorines
industrial, combustable, pesticides PCB, DDT, liposoluble and bioaccumulate and biomagnify
77
Inuit consume ___ x more PDB than general canadiana
40X more
78
how are organochlorines endocrine disruptors
- estrogen receptor agonists
- anti androgenic activities- prevent androgen synth ( male hormones such as testosterone)
- bind aryl hydrocarbon receptor - modulates estrogen -dependent transcription
- bind thyroid hormone
79
mimics estrogen
BPA
80
what year did canada ban BPA
2008
81
BPA found in human blood at what concentration
0.2-9.2 ng/ml
82
what is aryl hydrocarbon receptor
a TF that estrogen normally binds to but organochlorines and BPA can act as estrogen and promote expression of genes that estrogen normally does
83
what is antiandrogenic activities
organochlorines can bind to androgen receptors and prevent the synth of androgens
- DDE is an example
84
estrogen receptor agonists
organochlorines act as estrogen and bind to receptor eliciting estrogen response
85
thyroid hormone binding protein
organochlorines bind to these proteins and lower levels of thyroid hormones in blood
86
BPA has high affinity for
estrogen receptor Y
87
does dietary folate in males matter
epimutation occurred
hyper or hypo methylation
lowered reproductive outcomes (less liver size, pregnancy rate, resorption rate) and development problems
increased post-implantation loss abnormalities in offspring in rates
88
folate deficiency alters the paternal sperm ___
epigenome (hyper and hip methylated)
89
folate acts as a methyl _____
donor
