Energy Balance in Exercise

Question 1

It is recommended that all adults exercise at least

Answer 1

30 minutes per day

Question 2

Studies show that individuals with type 2 DM show increased insulin sensitivity and better blood glucose control after

Answer 2

Exercising

Question 3

Has also been shown to improve with moderate exercise in comparison to being sedentary

Answer 3

Immune function

Question 4

However, too much exercise can also lead to a

Answer 4

Depressed immune system

Question 5

Requires a lot of energy, which is used through ATP, leading to its consumption and increased quantity of ADP and AMP

Answer 5

Exercise

Question 6

This combination of decreased ATP and increased AMP leads to activation of

Answer 6

AMPK

Question 7

Activation of AMPK stimulates

-Leads to more energy production

Answer 7

Catabolism

Question 8

AMPK activates?

-Increases glucose transport into the cell and skeletal muscle FA oxidation

Answer 8

GLUT 4

Question 9

Inhibits ATP-consuming processes including TAG, glycogen, and protein synthesis

Answer 9

AMPK

Question 10

In the liver, energy requirements dictate whether glycolysis or gluconeogenesis will take over via the enzyme

Answer 10

PFK-2

Question 11

In glucose abundant conditions, release of insulin leaves PFK-2 in an unphosphorylated state, and thus it is able to produce

Answer 11

Fructose 2,6-BP

Question 12

This then further stimulates

-continues glycolysis

Answer 12

PFK-1

Question 13

On the other hand, a glucose scarce state leads to glucagon secretion which results in

Answer 13

Phosphorylation and inactivation of PFK-2

Question 14

In this case, PFK-1 is not stimulated and instead FBP-1,6-ase is allowed to continue with

Answer 14

Gluconeogenesis

Question 15

Accelerates glycolysis in muscle and inhibits glycolysis in the liver

Answer 15

Epinephrine

Question 16

Leads to glycogen breakdown in muscl and increased F-6-P substrate for PFK-1 to use in glycolysis

Answer 16

Epinephrine

Question 17

Lacks the regulatory serine residue, which is phosphorylated in the liver, thus allowing glycolysis to continue in the muscle

Answer 17

Skeletal muscle isozyme of PFK-2

Question 18

During long periods of exercise, the liver maintains blood glucose levels through hepatic

Answer 18

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 19

Initially, we will see predominance of

Answer 19

Glycogenolysis

Question 20

However, after several hours we will slowly see a switch to reliance on

Answer 20

Gluconeogenesis

Question 21

Returned from BCAAs to the liver via alanine in the

Answer 21

Alanine cycle (no net production of glucose)

Question 22

When β-­‐oxidation of fatty acids is required as an energy source, there is a tight regulatory system in place to control the entrance of

Answer 22

Fatty Acyl CoA into mitochondria

Question 23

There is no fatty acid synthesis in the

Answer 23

Muscle tissue

Question 24

An isozyme of the enzyme for the committed step of fatty acid synthesis

-found in muscle

Answer 24

Acetyl CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC-2)

Question 25

ACC-2 inhibits

Answer 25

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT-I)

Question 26

ACC-2 inhibits CPT-I through

Answer 26

Malonyl CoA

Question 27

ACC-2 inhibits CPT-I through malonyl CoA, thereby blocking fatty acyl CoA entry into the

Answer 27

Mitochondria

Question 28

As energy levels drop, AMP activates

Answer 28

AMPK

Question 29

Phosphorylates and inactivates ACC-2

Answer 29

AMPK

Question 30

Phosphorylates and activates malonyl CoA Decarboxylase (MCoADC)

Answer 30

AMPK

Question 31

Converts malonyl CoA to acetyl CoA, thereby relieving the inhibition of CPT-I and allowing fatty acyl CoA entry into the mitochondria

Answer 31

MCoADC

Question 32

This allows muscle to generate ATP via the oxidation of

Answer 32

Fatty Acids

Question 33

During lipolytic conditions, when fuel must be provided by adipose tissue, FA release from the stored TAGs is accelerated by

Answer 33

Hormone sensitive lipase

Question 34

However, FAs are released in excess. So the liver continues to recycle the excess FA via

Answer 34

VLDL

Question 35

Although this cycling process has a cost, it requires only

Answer 35

5% of energy stored in FAs

Question 36

Necessary for TAG formation

Answer 36

Glycerol-3-phosphate

Question 37

During lipolysis, glycolysis is inhibited and thus, does not have a readily available supply of

Answer 37

DHAP

Question 38

Makes DHAP in the adipose tissue for glycerol-3-Phosphate generation

Answer 38

Glyceroneogenesis

Question 39

A shortened version of gluconeogenesis in the adipose tissue and it contains some of the same steps as gluconeogenesis

Answer 39

Glyceroneogenesis

Question 40

Explains wht adipose cells express pyruvate carboxylase and PEPCK even though fat cells don't make glucose

Answer 40

Glyceroneogenesis

Question 41

GLyceroneogenesis converts pyruvate to

Answer 41

DHAP

Question 42

Activates glycolysis in muscle

Answer 42

Epinephrine

Question 43

Results in a net transport of nitrogen from BCAAs to the liver, but results in no net production of glucose

Answer 43

Alanine Cycle

Question 44

Made by ACC-2 to regulate beta-oxidation in muscle

Answer 44

Malonyl CoA

Question 45

How many biological energy systems are used by muscle?

Answer 45

Three

Question 46

Anaerobic, and provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities

Answer 46

Phosphagen system

Question 47

The key energy generator of the phosphagen system

Answer 47

Creatine Phosphate

Question 48

Active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity

Answer 48

Phosphagen system

Question 49

Serves as a small reservoir of high-energy phosphate that can readily regenerate ATP from ADP

Answer 49

Creatine Phosphate

Question 50

Creatine phosphate carries high-energy phosphate from the mitochondira and to

Answer 50

Myosin filaments

Question 51

Where ATP is used for muscle contraction

Answer 51

Myosin filaments

Question 52

Requires ATP and only occurs during recovery from exercise

Answer 52

Creatine phosphate reformation

Question 53

What are the three biological energy systems for muscle?

Answer 53

1. ) Phosphagen system 2. ) Glycolysis 3. ) Oxidative system

Question 54

The breakdown of carbohydrates to either be stored in glycogen or delivered in the blood to produce ATP

Answer 54

Glycolysis

Question 55

The primary source of ATP at rest and low-intensity -uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates

Answer 55

Oxidative system

Question 56

After the phosphagen system is used up, what does the body decide to do next?

Answer 56

Anaerobic glycolysis

Question 57

How much faster is the rate of ATP production from glycolysis (anaerobic) than from oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 57

100 times faster

Question 58

During fast glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into -provides ATP at a fast rate

Answer 58

Lactic acid

Question 59

During exertion, muscle cells do not need to energize

Answer 59

Anabolic reaction pathways

Question 60

Slow-twitch fibers with high capacity to store O2 via myoglobin, leading to their red color

Answer 60

Type I Fibers

Question 61

Use the oxidative system and are typically more prominent in marathon runners

Answer 61

Type I muscle fibers

Question 62

Fast twitch fibers that appear white due to low myoglobin

Answer 62

Type IIb fibers

Question 63

Use the fast glycolytic system and are seen more in sprinters

Answer 63

Type IIb fibers

Question 64

As intensity increases (i.e. sprinting) what happens to 1. ) Carbohydrate use 2. ) Fat use

Answer 64

1. ) Increases | 2. ) Decreases

Question 65

As duration increases (i.e. a marathon), what happens to 1. ) Carbohydrate use 2. ) Fat use

Answer 65

1. ) Decreases | 2. ) Increases

Question 66

Plasma FFA (fat from fat cells) is the primary fuel source for

Answer 66

Low intensity exercise

Question 67

As intensity increases, the source shifts to

Answer 67

Muscle glycogen

Question 68

Decreases 50-70% during high intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated by exercise to exhaustion

Answer 68

Creatine Phosphate

Question 69

However, even during intense exercise, muscle ATP concentrations do not decrease by more than

Answer 69

60%

Question 70

Post exercise repletion of phosphagen occurs via resynthesis of ATP in

Answer 70

3-5 minutes

Question 71

The whole repletion process is so quick that complete creatine phosphate resynthesis can occur in

Answer 71

8 minutes

Question 72

Resistance training can result in an increase in the resting concentration of

Answer 72

Phosphagens

Question 73

A likely cause of fatigue during prolonged exercise

Answer 73

Glycogen depletion

Question 74

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to post exercise

Answer 74

Carbohydrate consumption

Question 75

With adequate carbohydrate intake, muscle glycogen may be completely replenished within

Answer 75

24 hours

Question 76

Anaerobic training can increase

Answer 76

Glycogen stores

Question 77

Muscle glycogen is more important than liver glycogen during

Answer 77

Moderate/high intensity exercise

Question 78

More important in low intensity exercise and its contribution increases with duration

Answer 78

Liver glycogen