Gut Microbiota and Physiology

Question 1

How many cells are in the human body?

Answer 1

3 x 10^13

Question 2

How many microorganisms are in the human body?

Answer 2

4 x 10^13

Question 3

Considered to actually be an organ of the human body

Answer 3

Microbiome

Question 4

The microbiome starts to develop DURING (not before)

Answer 4

Birth

Question 5

What has the largest distribution of microbes in the GI tract?

Answer 5

Colon and then ileum

Question 6

What are three examples of good bacteria in the gut?

Answer 6

Bifido bacteria, E. Coli, and Lactobacilli

Question 7

Help to regulate levels of other bacteria in the gut

Answer 7

Bifido bacteria

Question 8

Modulate immune responses to invading pathogens, prevents tumor formation, and produces vitamins

Answer 8

Bifido bacteria

Question 9

Involved in the production of vitamin K2 (clotting) and help keep bad bacteria in check

Answer 9

E. Coli

Question 10

Produces vitamins and nutrients, boosts immunity, and protects against carcinogens

Answer 10

Lactobacilli

Question 11

What are three examples of bad microbes?

Answer 11

Campylobacter, Enterococcus Faecalis, Clostridium Difficile

Question 12

The strains of campylobacter most commonly associated with human disease

Answer 12

C jejuni and C coli

Question 13

Infection usually occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food

Answer 13

C jejuni and C coli infection

Question 14

A common cause of post surgical infections

Answer 14

Enterococcus Faecalis

Question 15

Most harmful following a course of antibiotics when it is able to proliferate

Answer 15

Clostridium Difficle

Question 16

Of the 4 x 10^13 microorganisms in the adult human, what percentage is eukaryotes, archaeons, and viruses?

Answer 16

1%

Question 17

How many species of bacteria are present in the mouth?

Answer 17

700 species

Question 18

How many species of bacteria are in the colon?

Answer 18

800 species (7,000 strains)

Question 19

What are the three types of host-microbial interaction

Answer 19

Commensalism, Mutualism, and Parasitism

Question 20

When microbes benefit from the interaction, but the human hosts are not affected in any way

Answer 20

Commensalism

Question 21

When the host and bacteria both benefit eachother, although the bacteria is not essential to the host

Answer 21

Mutualism

Question 22

When microbes harm humans

Answer 22

Parasitism

Question 23

Identification of all microbes by high-throughput DNA sequencing (instead of cultivation)

Answer 23

Metagenomics

Question 24

Thicken GI muscle wall postnatally, improving motility

Answer 24

Gut microbiota

Question 25

Stimulte GALT proliferation

Answer 25

Gut microbiota

Question 26

Have overlapping and complementing functions in the gut

Answer 26

Commensal virus and bacteria

Question 27

Increases nutrition efficiency

Answer 27

Gut microbiota

Question 28

Gut microbiota can supply short chain fatty acids from otherwise undigestible

Answer 28

Polysaccharides

Question 29

Gut microbiota supply essential amino acids and

Answer 29

Vitamin K

Question 30

Aid in bile acid recycling in the colon, i.e. converting bile salts to bile acids

Answer 30

Gut microbiota

Question 31

Gut microbiota alter the intrinsic metabolic machinery of host cells, resulting in more efficient nutrient uptake and

Answer 31

Utilization

Question 32

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified a cluster of newborns in Tennessee with late

Answer 32

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB)

Question 33

A serious, but preventable bleeding disorder that can cause bleeding in the brain

Answer 33

VKDB

Question 34

In each case, at birth the newborn’s parents declined

Answer 34

Vitamin K injection

Question 35

In mice, increases glucose absorption, breakdown of triacylglycerols, intracellular trafficking of fatty acids, and export of triacylglycerols

Answer 35

B. Thetaiotaomicron

Question 36

Increases Co-lipase and L-FAB activity

Answer 36

B. Thetaiotaomicron

Question 37

Stimulates pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 activity

Answer 37

Co-lipase

Question 38

Breaks down triacylglycerols

Answer 38

Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2

Question 39

A reciprocal cause and effect

Answer 39

Dybiosis and metabolic syndrome

Question 40

We can see the dysbiosis in type 2 DM patients via the decrease in

Answer 40

Butyrate-producing bacteria

Question 41

Gnobiotic animals inoculated with obesity/type 2 DM-associated microbiota developed

Answer 41

Metabolic syndrome

Question 42

Infants are more likely to develop obesity later in life if they are treated with

Answer 42

Antibiotics

Question 43

Microbiota in kwashiorkor co-twins do not mature as microbiota in

Answer 43

Healthy co-twins

Question 44

There was a severe weight loss shown in gnotobiotic mice inoculated with microbiota of

Answer 44

Kwashiorkor co-twins on malawian diet

Question 45

This weight gain was not shown in the mice injected with microbiota of

Answer 45

Healthy co-twins

Question 46

Gut microbiota function as part of a host's innate

Answer 46

Defense system

Question 47

Required for T-lymphocyte development

Answer 47

Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2

Question 48

Normal microflora stimulate

Answer 48

GALT

Question 49

Antibiotics can induce dysbiosis, i.e. diarrhea or colitis, which are caused by the otherwise commensal organism

Answer 49

Clostridium Difficile

Question 50

Function as a helper to pathogens

Answer 50

Gut microbiota

Question 51

Gut microbiota can promote enteric virus replication and systemic

Answer 51

Pathogenesis

Question 52

Binds and stabilizes virions

Answer 52

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 53

LPS-bound virions bind viral receptors on host cells more

Answer 53

Efficiently

Question 54

LPS-bound virus activating LPS-TLR4, leading to production of IL-6, which counters IL-10's

Answer 54

Antiviral activity

Question 55

We see better responses to cancer immunotherapy in patients with

Answer 55

Gut microbial diversity

Question 56

Reduce therapeutic efficacies of cancer immunotherapy

Answer 56

Antibiotics

Question 57

Produced by certain gut microbes from high-choline food

Answer 57

Trimethylamine (TMA) N-oxide

Question 58

Reduces high-choline diet-induced plaque formation on vascular endothelium

Answer 58

A TMA N-oxide synthesis inhibitor

Question 59

The inhibitor suppresses pro-atherosclerosis bacteria and enriches

Answer 59

Good bacteria formation

Question 60

Are beneficial to pro-atherosclerosis bacteria such as clostridiales and ruminococcus

Answer 60

TMA and TMA N-oxide

Question 61

Affect response to cancer immunotherapy (PD-1 therapy)

Answer 61

Gut microbes

Question 62

Gut microbes increase nutrition efficiency. One major mechanism is through generating

Answer 62

SCFA from dietary fiber

Question 63

Gut microbes are the major source of

Answer 63

Vitamin K

Question 64

Critical for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and malnutrition

Answer 64

Dysbiosis

Question 65

While the microbiota is an essential innate immune mechanism, it also facilitates certain

Answer 65

Viral infections

Question 66

Affect response to cancer immunotherapies

Answer 66

Gut microbes

Question 67

Targeting TMA synthesis and metabolism in bacteria may improve the health of the cardiovascular system by modifying

Answer 67

Cholesterol metabolism