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GI > Gut Microbiota and Physiology > Flashcards

Gut Microbiota and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many cells are in the human body?

A

3 x 10^13

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2
Q

How many microorganisms are in the human body?

A

4 x 10^13

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3
Q

Considered to actually be an organ of the human body

A

Microbiome

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4
Q

The microbiome starts to develop DURING (not before)

A

Birth

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5
Q

What has the largest distribution of microbes in the GI tract?

A

Colon and then ileum

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6
Q

What are three examples of good bacteria in the gut?

A

Bifido bacteria, E. Coli, and Lactobacilli

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7
Q

Help to regulate levels of other bacteria in the gut

A

Bifido bacteria

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8
Q

Modulate immune responses to invading pathogens, prevents tumor formation, and produces vitamins

A

Bifido bacteria

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9
Q

Involved in the production of vitamin K2 (clotting) and help keep bad bacteria in check

A

E. Coli

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10
Q

Produces vitamins and nutrients, boosts immunity, and protects against carcinogens

A

Lactobacilli

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11
Q

What are three examples of bad microbes?

A

Campylobacter, Enterococcus Faecalis, Clostridium Difficile

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12
Q

The strains of campylobacter most commonly associated with human disease

A

C jejuni and C coli

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13
Q

Infection usually occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food

A

C jejuni and C coli infection

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14
Q

A common cause of post surgical infections

A

Enterococcus Faecalis

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15
Q

Most harmful following a course of antibiotics when it is able to proliferate

A

Clostridium Difficle

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16
Q

Of the 4 x 10^13 microorganisms in the adult human, what percentage is eukaryotes, archaeons, and viruses?

A

1%

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17
Q

How many species of bacteria are present in the mouth?

A

700 species

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18
Q

How many species of bacteria are in the colon?

A

800 species (7,000 strains)

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19
Q

What are the three types of host-microbial interaction

A

Commensalism, Mutualism, and Parasitism

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20
Q

When microbes benefit from the interaction, but the human hosts are not affected in any way

A

Commensalism

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21
Q

When the host and bacteria both benefit eachother, although the bacteria is not essential to the host

A

Mutualism

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22
Q

When microbes harm humans

A

Parasitism

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23
Q

Identification of all microbes by high-throughput DNA sequencing (instead of cultivation)

A

Metagenomics

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24
Q

Thicken GI muscle wall postnatally, improving motility

A

Gut microbiota

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25
Q

Stimulte GALT proliferation

A

Gut microbiota

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26
Q

Have overlapping and complementing functions in the gut

A

Commensal virus and bacteria

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27
Q

Increases nutrition efficiency

A

Gut microbiota

28
Q

Gut microbiota can supply short chain fatty acids from otherwise undigestible

A

Polysaccharides

29
Q

Gut microbiota supply essential amino acids and

A

Vitamin K

30
Q

Aid in bile acid recycling in the colon, i.e. converting bile salts to bile acids

A

Gut microbiota

31
Q

Gut microbiota alter the intrinsic metabolic machinery of host cells, resulting in more efficient nutrient uptake and

A

Utilization

32
Q

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified a cluster of newborns in Tennessee with late

A

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB)

33
Q

A serious, but preventable bleeding disorder that can cause bleeding in the brain

A

VKDB

34
Q

In each case, at birth the newborn’s parents declined

A

Vitamin K injection

35
Q

In mice, increases glucose absorption, breakdown of triacylglycerols, intracellular trafficking of fatty acids, and export of triacylglycerols

A

B. Thetaiotaomicron

36
Q

Increases Co-lipase and L-FAB activity

A

B. Thetaiotaomicron

37
Q

Stimulates pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 activity

A

Co-lipase

38
Q

Breaks down triacylglycerols

A

Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2

39
Q

A reciprocal cause and effect

A

Dybiosis and metabolic syndrome

40
Q

We can see the dysbiosis in type 2 DM patients via the decrease in

A

Butyrate-producing bacteria

41
Q

Gnobiotic animals inoculated with obesity/type 2 DM-associated microbiota developed

A

Metabolic syndrome

42
Q

Infants are more likely to develop obesity later in life if they are treated with

A

Antibiotics

43
Q

Microbiota in kwashiorkor co-twins do not mature as microbiota in

A

Healthy co-twins

44
Q

There was a severe weight loss shown in gnotobiotic mice inoculated with microbiota of

A

Kwashiorkor co-twins on malawian diet

45
Q

This weight gain was not shown in the mice injected with microbiota of

A

Healthy co-twins

46
Q

Gut microbiota function as part of a host’s innate

A

Defense system

47
Q

Required for T-lymphocyte development

A

Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2

48
Q

Normal microflora stimulate

A

GALT

49
Q

Antibiotics can induce dysbiosis, i.e. diarrhea or colitis, which are caused by the otherwise commensal organism

A

Clostridium Difficile

50
Q

Function as a helper to pathogens

A

Gut microbiota

51
Q

Gut microbiota can promote enteric virus replication and systemic

A

Pathogenesis

52
Q

Binds and stabilizes virions

A

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

53
Q

LPS-bound virions bind viral receptors on host cells more

A

Efficiently

54
Q

LPS-bound virus activating LPS-TLR4, leading to production of IL-6, which counters IL-10’s

A

Antiviral activity

55
Q

We see better responses to cancer immunotherapy in patients with

A

Gut microbial diversity

56
Q

Reduce therapeutic efficacies of cancer immunotherapy

A

Antibiotics

57
Q

Produced by certain gut microbes from high-choline food

A

Trimethylamine (TMA) N-oxide

58
Q

Reduces high-choline diet-induced plaque formation on vascular endothelium

A

A TMA N-oxide synthesis inhibitor

59
Q

The inhibitor suppresses pro-atherosclerosis bacteria and enriches

A

Good bacteria formation

60
Q

Are beneficial to pro-atherosclerosis bacteria such as clostridiales and ruminococcus

A

TMA and TMA N-oxide

61
Q

Affect response to cancer immunotherapy (PD-1 therapy)

A

Gut microbes

62
Q

Gut microbes increase nutrition efficiency. One major mechanism is through generating

A

SCFA from dietary fiber

63
Q

Gut microbes are the major source of

A

Vitamin K

64
Q

Critical for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and malnutrition

A

Dysbiosis

65
Q

While the microbiota is an essential innate immune mechanism, it also facilitates certain

A

Viral infections

66
Q

Affect response to cancer immunotherapies

A

Gut microbes

67
Q

Targeting TMA synthesis and metabolism in bacteria may improve the health of the cardiovascular system by modifying

A

Cholesterol metabolism

GI (59 decks)

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