Vitamins

Question 1

Hydrolized in the stomach from the protein complexes found in food

Answer 1

Vitamins

Question 2

Most of the water soluble vitamins are absorbed in the

Answer 2

Upper small intestine

Question 3

An exception because it is absorbed in the ileum

Answer 3

B12

Question 4

Absorbed directly into the portal vein and transported to the liver, where they are either stored (B12) or sent out into circulaiton

Answer 4

Water soluble vitamins

Question 5

Absorbed with monoglycerides and fatty acids

Answer 5

Fat soluble vitamins

Question 6

Requires bile salts and formation of mixed micelles

Answer 6

Fat soluble vitamin absorption

Question 7

Fat soluble vitamins are packaged into

-enter lymphatic system before entering the blood

Answer 7

Chylomicrons

Question 8

What are the fat soluble vitamins

Answer 8

A,D,E, and K

Question 9

What are the 4 forms of Vitamin A?

Answer 9

Beta-carotene, retinal, retinol, retinoic acid

Question 10

Beta-carotene is found in

Answer 10

Plant foods

Question 11

Retinyl esters are found in

Answer 11

Animal foods

Question 12

What is the Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) of 12 ug Beta-carotene?

Answer 12

1 ug retinol

Question 13

Vitamin A’s two main functions are

Answer 13

Vision and cell differentiation

Question 14

Essential for seeing black and white (“rod” cells in retina)

Answer 14

Vitamin A

Question 15

Vitamin A is particularly important for night vision and recovery of sight after a

Answer 15

Flash of bright light

Question 16

Important for the maturing of “epithelial cells”, such as those in the intestine and skin

Answer 16

Vitamin A

Question 17

Vitamin A is Important for the synthesis of

Answer 17

Lymphocytes and antibodies

Question 18

A mild form of Vitamin A deficiency is

Answer 18

Night blindness

Question 19

What are three severe forms of vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 19

Xeropthalmia, Hyperkeratosis, and Infections

Question 20

Damage to corneas, dry eyes, scarring, blindness

Answer 20

Xeropthalmia

Question 21

Increased keratin synthesis in skin and nails

Answer 21

Hyperkeratosis

Question 22

What are the two forms of vitamin D?

Answer 22

D2 (Ergocalciferol) and D3 (Cholecalciferol)

Question 23

The chemical difference between D2 and D3 is a

Answer 23

Double bond in the side chain of D2

Question 24

What are the three major functions of Vitamin D?

Answer 24

Calcium homeostasis, gene expression, and cell differentiation

Question 25

Increases calcium absorption and bioavailability and decreases calcium excretion by the kidneys (urine)

Answer 25

Vitamin D

Question 26

Vitamin D increases calcium release from

Answer 26

Bones

Question 27

Vitamin D deficiency is essentially the same thing as

Answer 27

Calcium deficiency

Question 28

Vitamin D deficiency in children leads to

Answer 28

Rickets

Question 29

Causes brain abnormalities such as a hyperintense signal in the periventricular white matter of the brain

Answer 29

Low Vitamin D

Question 30

Vitamin D deficiency increases the rate of

Answer 30

Alzheimer's and Dementia

Question 31

The type of vitamin K found in plant sources and supplements -mostly single bonds on its side chain

Answer 31

Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1)

Question 32

The type of Vitamin K produced by bacteria in the large intestine -side chain consists of alternating double and single bonds

Answer 32

Menaquinone (Vitamin K2)

Question 33

Man-made "pro-vitamin" version of vitamin K -side chain is a single CH3

Answer 33

Menadione (Vitamin K3)

Question 34

Vitamin K functions in

Answer 34

Blood clotting

Question 35

What is a medication that inhibits Vitamin K's clotting abilities

Answer 35

Warfarin (coumadin)

Question 36

Vitamin K and Calcium are needed for the activation of

Answer 36

Clotting factors

Question 37

Clotting factors convert prothrombin to

Answer 37

Thrombin

Question 38

Catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 38

Thrombin

Question 39

Fibrin forms

Answer 39

Blood clots

Question 40

Catalyzes the conversion of inactive osteocalcin to active osteocalcin which forms hydroxyappetite in bone

Answer 40

Vitamin K

Question 41

A major consequence of vitamin K deficiency is

Answer 41

Uncontrollable bleeding

Question 42

Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults and more common in

Answer 42

New borns

Question 43

At birth, all newborns are given

Answer 43

Vitamin K injections

Question 44

Can occur in children and adults with fat malabsorption diseases

Answer 44

Vitamin K deficiency

Question 45

Prolonged use of antibiotics kill large intestine bacteria which can result in

Answer 45

Vitamin K deficiency

Question 46

What is the most biologically active form of Vitamin E?

Answer 46

a-tocopherol

Question 47

Vitamin E functions predominantly as an

Answer 47

Antioxidant

Question 48

Protects biological membranes against free radicals especially important to tissues exposed to oxygen (e.g. lungs and red blood cells)

Answer 48

Vitamin E

Question 49

Vitamin E works best in conjunction with

Answer 49

Vitamin C and Selenium

Question 50

Protects DNA from oxidative damage (may reduce risk of cancer)

Answer 50

Vitamin E

Question 51

Vitamin E may protect against

Answer 51

Cataracts and heart disease

Question 52

Rare, but occurs in infants fed formula with too little vitamin E, and in cystic fibrosis (fat malabsorption disorder)

Answer 52

Hemolytic Anemia

Question 53

Weakened and ruptured blood cells caused by vitamin E deficiency

Answer 53

Hemolytic Anemia

Question 54

Can cause neuromuscular problems, neuromuscular pain, loss of coordination

Answer 54

Vitamin E deficiency

Question 55

What are the two forms of Vitamin C?

Answer 55

L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid

Question 56

Serves as an antioxidant, reduces Iron, chromium, and copper, and helps synthesize important molecules

Answer 56

Vitamin C

Question 57

Increases absorption and bioavailability and reduces superoxide (bad oxygen) to hydrogen peroxide (not so bad oxygen)

Answer 57

Vitamin C

Question 58

Important for fatty acid metabolism and energy production -synthesized by vitamin C

Answer 58

Carnitine

Question 59

Amino acid synthesized from vitamin C

Answer 59

Tyrosine

Question 60

Vitamin C is also important in the synthesis of

Answer 60

Neurotransmitters, hormones (particularly GI), and collagen

Question 61

Reduces iron from Fe3+ to Fe2+ -which increases the absorption and bioavailability of iron

Answer 61

Vitamin C

Question 62

Vitamin C deficiency causes

Answer 62

Scurvy

Question 63

Characterized by bleeding gums, skin irritation, bruising, and poor wound healing

Answer 63

Scurvy

Question 64

Cured scurvy with lemons and limes in British sailors (origin of the nickname “limeys”)

Answer 64

James Lind