Macronutrients II

Question 1

Also used in the synthesis of the porphyrin nucleus of hemoglobin

-a constituent of the bile acids

Answer 1

Glycine

Question 2

A precursor of the neurotransmitter GABA

Answer 2

Glutamic acid

Question 3

Water is drawn back into the capillaries by increasing the concentration of

Answer 3

Albumin

Question 4

Common in protein deficiency when albumin levels are low

Answer 4

Edema

Question 5

A severe protein deficiency impairs the body’s ability to produce adequate

Answer 5

Albumin

Question 6

Serum albumin has a half-life of

Answer 6

18-20 days

Question 7

Reflects protein status over the previous three months

Answer 7

Serum albumin

Question 8

Serum pre-albumin has a halflife of only

Answer 8

2 to 3 days

Question 9

Reflects the nutritional status as well as protein and calorie intake over the previous week

Answer 9

Serum pre-albumin

Question 10

What is the RDA for protein in healthy people

Answer 10

0.8g / kg body weight

Question 11

What is the AMDR for protein?

Answer 11

10%-35% of energy

Question 12

Amino acids are used for energy if they are stripped of their

Answer 12

Nitrogens

Question 13

When nitrogen intake equals nitrogen output

Answer 13

Zero nitrogen balance

Question 14

If the body synthesizes more nitrogen than it degrades than we have a positive nitrogen balance and

Answer 14

Protein is added

Question 15

We see positive nitrogen status in

Answer 15

Growing infants and children

Question 16

Athletic training causes

Answer 16

Positive nitrogen balance

Question 17

One in four children in the developing world is severely underweight by age

Answer 17

5

Question 18

The cause of death in underweight children is often

Answer 18

Diarrhea and dehydration that accompanies infections

Question 19

The most common deficiency in early life is

Answer 19

Protein deficiency

Question 20

Who estimates that this condition plays a role in 5 million child deaths per year

Answer 20

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Question 21

Characterized by severe, chronic, overall malnutrition

Answer 21

Marasmus

Question 22

Marasmus kids are alert and ravenously hungry at first, but eventually lose appetite and become

Answer 22

Apathetic

Question 23

Caused by a sudden and recent deprivation of protein

Answer 23

Kwashiorkor

Question 24

Leads to severe edema and ascites, i.e. fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity

Answer 24

Kwashiorkor

Question 25

Kwashiorkor patients have cracked and peeling skin, sparse unnaturally blond or red hair, and an

Answer 25

Enlarged, fatty liver

Question 26

The recommendation from the world cancer research fund is to limit red meat to

Answer 26

500g (18 oz) per week

Question 27

Fats and oils are types of

Answer 27

Lipids

Question 28

Hydrophobic and made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 28

Lipids

Question 29

Solid at room temperature

Answer 29

Fats

Question 30

What are the 5 classes of lipids?

Answer 30

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, and fat soluble vitamins

Question 31

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 31

Unsaturated has double bonds

Question 32

Fatty acids with chain lengths of 4-10 carbons are found in significant quantities in

Answer 32

Milk

Question 33

Structural lipids and triacylglycerides contain primarily fatty acids of at least

Answer 33

16 Carbons

Question 34

Arachidonic acid is a precursor of

Answer 34

Prostaglandins

Question 35

May be a bigger risk factor for heart disease than saturated fatty acids

Answer 35

Trans fatty acids

Question 36

Increase LDL and decrease HDL

Answer 36

Trans fatty acids

Question 37

The most common type of lipid

Answer 37

Fatty acids

Question 38

The Alpha (α) end of a fatty acid contains a

Answer 38

COOH group

Question 39

The Omega (ω) end of fatty acids contains a

Answer 39

Methyl group

Question 40

Short chain fatty acids have less than

Answer 40

8 Carbons

Question 41

Medium chain fatty acids have between

Answer 41

8-12 carbons

Question 42

Long chain fatty acids have

Answer 42

Greater than 12 fatty acids

Question 43

Partially hydrogenated oils are

Answer 43

Trans fats

Question 44

What are the two essential fatty acids?

Answer 44

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

Question 45

Humans can not introduce double bonds into a fatty acid from carbon

Answer 45

10 and beyond

Question 46

This is the basis for the nutritional essentiality of the

Answer 46

Essential fatty acids

Question 47

The body also can not create double bonds in the

Answer 47

ω-3 or ω- 6 positions

Question 48

Made up of 18 carbons with 2 cis double bonds -A ω- 6 fatty acid

Answer 48

Linoleic acid

Question 49

Made up of 18 carbons with 3 cis double bonds -A ω-3 fatty acid

Answer 49

Linolenic acid

Question 50

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are building blocks for longer chain

Answer 50

ω-3 and ω- 6 fatty acids

Question 51

Linoleic acid is a precursor for

Answer 51

Arachidonic acid (20C, AA)

Question 52

Linolenic acid is a precursor for

Answer 52

Eicosapentaenoic acid-20C (EPA) and Docoshexaenoic acid-22C (DHA)

Question 53

Compete for the same enzymes and their actions often oppose eachother

Answer 53

Linoleic and linolenic acid

Question 54

What is the suggested ration of linoleic to linolenic acid?

Answer 54

4:1 (in the U.S. diet 10:1)

Question 55

Assist and regulate immune and cardiovascular systems

Answer 55

Eicosanoids

Question 56

Eicosanoids act as

Answer 56

Chemical messengers

Question 57

Control dilation and constriction of blood vessels - regulate BP - an eicosanoid

Answer 57

Prostaglandins

Question 58

Linoleic acid is classified as a

Answer 58

ω- 6 eicosanoid

Question 59

Functions in inflamation

Answer 59

Arachiodonic Acid (AA)

Question 60

Linolenic acid is classified as a

Answer 60

ω-3 eicosanoid

Question 61

ω-3 derivative that functions in dilation of blood vessels -an eicosanoid

Answer 61

EPA

Question 62

ω-3 derivative that functions in visual and cognitive development -an eicosanoid

Answer 62

DHA

Question 63

Irritated and flaky skin, GI problems, and comprised immune system are symptoms of

Answer 63

Essential fatty acid deficiency

Question 64

During infancy, babies may not have specific enzymes to make

Answer 64

AA and DHA

Question 65

Particularly important for the brain development and formation of the retina

Answer 65

DHA

Question 66

Has at least 47 different fatty acids not found in formula

Answer 66

Human milk

Question 67

Conditionally essential for infants for growth, development of eyes, and nervous system development

Answer 67

Polyunsaturated FAs

Question 68

Formula does not have

Answer 68

Cholesterol

Question 69

The health benefits of fish oil are believe to be derived principally from

Answer 69

EPA and DHA (ω-3) derivatives

Question 70

Flaxseed oil contains only

Answer 70

Alphalinolenic acid (ALA)

Question 71

Must be converted into EPA and DHA -thus only a small fraction has ω-3's effects

Answer 71

ALA

Question 72

We can increase HDL with

Answer 72

High MUFA intake

Question 73

A high PUFA diet and a diet rich in ω-3 FAs is a good way to lower

Answer 73

LDL

Question 74

Sucrose bonded w/ 6-8 fatty acids -cannot be digested by lipases or colonic bacteria

Answer 74

Olestra

Question 75

Interferes w/ vitamin A, D, E, and K absorption

Answer 75

Olestra

Question 76

Cellulose, vegetable gum fibers, Maltrin, and Stellar are all

Answer 76

Fat substitutes

Question 77

What is the AMDR for lipids?

Answer 77

20%-35%

Question 78

We want no more than 10% of total calories to come from

Answer 78

Saturated FAs