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Pathology > Environment and Nutritional > Flashcards

Environment and Nutritional Flashcards

1
Q

Cut-off size for fine or ultrafine particles

A

<10 micrometers (more dangerous)

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2
Q

Two mechanisms of toxicity of carbon monoxide

A

Decreased O2 delivery (200x greater affinity for hemoglobin) and decreased ATP (complex IV inhibitor)

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3
Q

Level of CO saturation for systemic hypoxia

A

20-30%

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4
Q

Level of CO saturation for coma and death

A

60-70%

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5
Q

Found in acute CO poisoning

A

Cherry-red discoloration

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6
Q

Found in chronic CO poisoning

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

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7
Q

Disease from airconditioning

A

Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease)

Silver legion (use silver stain to identify organism)

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8
Q

Mechanism of action of lead poisoning

A

Interferes with calcium metabolism

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9
Q

Lead inhibits which enzymes?

A

ALA dehydratase (second step in heme synthesis) and ferrochelatase (incorporates iron into heme)

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10
Q

Hematologic manifestation of lead poisoning

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

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11
Q

More common neurologic involvement of lead poisoning in children

A

CNS (vs peripheral neuropathy among adults)

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12
Q

Iron-laden mitochondria

A

Ring sideroblasts

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13
Q

Disease caused by impaired uric acid excretion in lead poisoning

A

Saturnine gout

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14
Q

Primary target organ of metallic and inorganic mercury (Hg)

A

CNS (because it is nonpolar and can cross BBB)

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15
Q

Organic form of mercury

A

Methylmercury

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16
Q

Disease caused by organic mercury poisoning

A

Minamata disease (CP, blindness, MR, CNS defects in utero)

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17
Q

“The poison of kings, the king of poisons”

A

Arsenic

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18
Q

Complications of arsenic poisoning

A

Neurologic (parasthesias, pain), skin (hyperkeratosis and pigmentation), cancers (lung, bladder, and skin esp in non-sun exposed areas)

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19
Q

Heavy metal preferentially toxic to kidneys by ROS production

A

Cadmium

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20
Q

Osteoporosis and osteomalacia associated with renal disease in cadmium poisoning

A

Itai-itai (Japanese for masakit, kasi masakit ang bones nila; itay, ang sakit ng bones ko!)

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21
Q

Smoking is NOT a risk factor for which cancer?

A

Breast cancer

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22
Q

Lethal dose of alcohol (blood alcohol level)

A

500 mg/dl

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23
Q

Metabolism of alcohol

A

Ethanol > (alcohol dehydrogenase) > acetaldehyde > (aldehyde dehydrogenase) > acetic acid

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24
Q

How does alcohol cause lactic acidosis?

A

Because of increased NADH production, that pushes lactate dehydrogenase to create lactate (recall that if O2 not available, pyruvate will become lactate instead of acetyl CoA)

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25
Q

Mechanism of heat cramps

A

Electrolyte loss thru sweating (no derangement of core body temp)

26
Q

Mechanism of heat exhaustion (most common)

A

Failure of CVS to compensate for hypovolemia from dehydration

27
Q

Mechanism of heat stroke

A

Failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms causing hyperthermia (>40 C) and multiorgan dysfunction

28
Q

Clinical findings of heat exhaustion

A

Syncope

29
Q

Clinical findings of heat stroke

A

Hyperthermia, generalized vasodilation, hyperK, arrhythmia, rhabdo

30
Q

Risk factors for hyperthermia

A

Inc ambient temp, inc humidity, exertion, older adults, CVDs, intense physical stress

31
Q

Which is more injurious, alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC)?

A

Alternating current

32
Q

Common sources of ionizing radiation

A

X-ray, gamma rays, high-energy neutrons, alpha and beta particles

33
Q

Why is ionizing radiation injurious?

A

Has enough energy to remove bound electrons (to create ions)

34
Q

Characteristic nuclear morphology of ionizing radiation damage

A

Nuclear swelling with chromatin clumping (BUT N:C ratio is maintained)

35
Q

Definition of protein-energy malnutrition

A

BMI < 16 or weight <80% of normal (although may not be present if edema is signficant)

36
Q

Characterized by greater protein than deprivation

A

Kwashiorkor

37
Q

Characterized by greater caloric than protein deprivation

A

Marasmus

38
Q

PEM with prominent edema and liver steatosis, cerebral atrophy, generally more complications

A

Kwashiorkor

39
Q

Mediators of cachexia

A

Proteolysis inducing factor, lipid mobilizing factor, TNF and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokines)

40
Q

Interleukin / cytokine responsible for acute phase reactants

A

IL-6

41
Q

Eponym for calluses found on knuckles of bulimic patients

A

Russell sign

42
Q

Deficiency causes nyctalopia and epithelial keratinization

A

Vit A

43
Q

Deficiency causes Bitot spots

A

Vit A

44
Q

Excess causes pseudotumor cerebri

A

Vit A

45
Q

Cholesterol-derived vitamin

A

Vit D

46
Q

Found in yellow, leafy vegetables (caroteinoids)

A

Vit A

47
Q

Synthesized in the body and found in deep-sea fish, plants, and grains)

A

Vit D

48
Q

Vit D deficiency in children

A

Rickets (vs osteomalacia in adults)

49
Q

Craniotabes, frontal bossing, pectus carinatum, rachitic rosary

A

Rickets

50
Q

Disease of vit D deficiency resulting in fractures of vertebral bodies and femoral neck

A

Osteomalacia

51
Q

Biochemical role of Vit C

A

Hydroxylation of collage

52
Q

Vit that is also an antioxidant in combo with Vit C

A

Vit E

53
Q

Lack of this enzyme means humans cannot synthesize Vit C

A

L-gulonolactone oxidase

54
Q

Disease of vit C deficiency characterized by gum bleeding, impaired wound healing

A

Scurvy

55
Q

This means “to make you hungry”

A

Orexigenic (vs anorexigenic)

56
Q

Adipocyte signalling compound that is anorixgenic

A

Leptin (remember the leptin-deficient mouse is a fatty)

57
Q

Adipocyte signalling compound that stimulates beta-oxidation

A

Adiponectin

58
Q

Secreted by stomach and arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus that makes you hungry (orexigenic)

A

Ghrelin

59
Q

Adipocyte signalling compound secreted in ileum and colon that is deficient in Prader-Willi

A

PYY

60
Q

Consequence of obesity that results in hypoventilation, hypersomnolence, OSA, PCV, cor pulmonale

A

Pickwickian syndrome (he doesn’t PICK what he EATS)

Pathology (13 decks)

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