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Pathology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Why is Meckel’s diverticulum a true diverticulum?

A

It contains all 3 layers of mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis

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2
Q

Rule of 2s of Meckel’s

A

2% of population, within 2 feet of ileocecal valve, 2x more in males, most often symptomatic by age 2

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3
Q

Associations of pyloric stenosis

A

Turner syndrome, trisomy 18, erythromycin/azith exposure in 1st 2 weeks of life

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4
Q

The normal segment in Hirschsprung’s

A

The dilated segment (whereas the constricted is aganglionic)

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5
Q

Functional disorder of the esophagus is associated with this diverticulum above the UES

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (pharyngoesophageal)

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6
Q

Anatomic obstruction of the esophagus because of mucosal webs, associated with IDA, glossitis, cheilosis

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (IDA, glossitis, cheilosis, and esophageal webs)

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7
Q

Esophageal rings

A

Schatzki rings

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8
Q

Triad of achalasia

A

Incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, esophageal aperistalsis

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9
Q

Etiology of achalasia

A

Distal esophageal inhibitory neuronal degeneration (parang Hirschsprung’s) in primary, Chagas disease in secondary achalasia

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10
Q

Definition of Barrett’s esophagus

A

Intestinal metaplasia of squamous epithelium + goblet cells + key endoscopic findings

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11
Q

Distinguishing feature between functional and obstructive (ex. from CA) dysphagia

A

Functional - both solids and liquids, cancer - solid first, liquid later

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12
Q

Proximal duodenal ulcers associated with severe burns and trauma

A

Curling ulcers

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13
Q

Esophageal, gastric, and duodenal ulcers associated with increased ICP

A

Cushing ulcers

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14
Q

Most common cause of chronic gastritis

A

H. pylori gastritis

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15
Q

Most common cause of diffuse atrophic gastritis

A

Autoimmune gastritis

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16
Q

Microbiological characteristics of H. pylori

A

Gram-negative, microaerophilic, urease-positive, helical bacterium

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17
Q

Virulence factors of H. pylori

A

Urease (creates NH3 from urea, elevating gastric pH), CagA toxin (associated with multifocal atrophic gastritis and consequently gastric adenoCA), flagella, adhesins

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18
Q

Cells targeted by autoimmune gastritis

A

Parietal cells (decreased HCl and intrinsic factor -> pernicious anemia)

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19
Q

Unique sequelae of H. pylori gastritis

A

MALToma

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20
Q

Unique sequelae of autoimmune gastritis

A

Carcinoid (due to endocrine cell hyperplasia)

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21
Q

Location of H. pylori gastritis

A

Antrum (vs body for autoimmune gastritis)

22
Q

Characteristics of gastric ulcers

A

Occurs with meals and associated with gastric adenoCA

23
Q

Characteristics of duodenal ulcers

A

Relieved by meals, nocturnal awakening, NOT associated with gastric adenoCA

24
Q

Morphological feature that will make you suspect malignancy in gastric ulcers

A

Heaped up margins

25
Q

Hypoproteinemia due to protein-losing enteropathy from hypertrophic gastropathy

A

Menetrier disease

26
Q

Triad of Zollinger-Ellison

A

Pancreatic islet cell tumor (gastrinoma), gastric hypersecretion, and intractable PUD

27
Q

Most common site of extranodal lymphoma

A

Stomach (MALTomas due to H pylori gastritis)

28
Q

Most important prognostic factor of GI carcinoids (most commonly found in small intestines)

A

LOCATION (if midhut, tends to be multiple and aggressive)

29
Q

Cytogenetic origin of GIST

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal (muscularis propria)

30
Q

Most common cause of intestinal obstruction

A

Hernia

31
Q

Most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children

A

Intussusception

32
Q

Two types of ischemic bowel disease

A

Mural (mucosa and submucosa) and transmural (involves all three layers, most commonly due to arterial occlusion

33
Q

Hallmark of malabsorption syndromes

A

Steatorrhea

34
Q

Cell-mediated immune enteropathy on exposure to gliadins (in gluten)

A

Celiac disease

35
Q

Most sensitive morphologic indicator in celiac disease

A

CD8 cytotoxic T cells in villus

36
Q

Most sensitive serologic indicator in celiac disease

A

Antibodies vs transglutaminase

37
Q

Most common malignancy associated with celiac disease

A

Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma

38
Q

Two kinds of inflammatory bowel disease

A

UC and Crohn’s disease

39
Q

Bowel wall involvement of Crohn’s vs UC

A

Crohn’s - transmural (full thickness), UC - mural only (up to submucosa)

40
Q

Organ involvement of Crohn’s vs UC

A

Crohn’s - any part of the GI tract (SKIP LESIONS), UC - colon and rectum (UU lang!)

41
Q

Hallmark of Crohn’s

A

Noncaseating granulomas and Paneth cells in L colon

42
Q

Uniquely found only in UC but not Crohn’s

A

Toxic megacolon

43
Q

Most common site of diverticulum

A

Sigmoid

44
Q

In adenomatous polyps, the single most important factor that relates to malignancy risk

A

SIZE (>4 cm)

45
Q

If the degree of dysplasia in a GI polyp extends to the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa, then it is…

A

Intramucosal CA (beyond that, invasive CA)

46
Q

This colonic polyp is more commonly found in the R colon and is characterized by elephant feet glands and high malignant potential

A

Sessile serrated adenoma (vs L colon for hyperplastic polyp)

47
Q

Rare, AD d/o with multiple hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation with arborizing networks

A

Peutz-Jegher

48
Q

Syndrome of multiple colorectal adenomas as teenagers

A

FAP (mutation in APC of Ch5, more than 100 polyps and develop colonic adenoCA by age 30) BECAUSE TEENS LIKE TO FAP

49
Q

Familial clustering of colorectal, endometrial, gastric, ovarian, ureter, brain, small bowel, HBT, pancreas, and skin CA

A

HNPCC or Lynch syndrome (mutation in MSH2 and MLH1) because they’ll lynch you from head to toe

50
Q

T or F NSAIDs are protective vs adenoCA of the colon

A

TRUE

51
Q

Causes pseudomyxoma peritonei

A

LAMN (low grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm)

Pathology (13 decks)

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