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Biology 10 > Enzymes, Cell Structure and Membrane > Flashcards

Enzymes, Cell Structure and Membrane Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Enzymes are which type of biomolecule?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

What effects do enzymes have on substrates?

A

Enzymes can break down or build up substrates

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3
Q

What two things affect an enzymes efficiency?

A

temp. and pH

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4
Q

Active site?

A

The area where the enzyme and substrate meet.

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5
Q

Chemical equation

A

reactants –enzyme-> products

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6
Q

Denature, denaturing, denatures, denatured

A

for an enzyme to change shape

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7
Q

How do enzymes and substrates fit?

A

Lock and key specific.

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8
Q

What are Cells?

A

the smallest unit of living organisms
- plant cells
- animal cells
- fungi, bacteria cells

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9
Q

Breakup of cells

A

Prokaryotes = no nucleus
- bacteria; circular DNA, cell wall, single-celled
Eukaryotes = nucleus
- plant cells
- animal cells
- fungi

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10
Q

Plant cells

A
  • CELL WALL
  • CHLOROPLASTS
  • LARGE VACUOLE
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus/body
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11
Q

Animal cells

A
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • CENTRIOLE
  • cell membrane
  • LYSOSOMES
  • ribosomes
  • golgi apparatus/body
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • SMALL TO NO VACUOLE
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12
Q

Prokaryote

A
  • ribosomes
  • circular DNA
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • flagellum (whip like tail)
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13
Q

Vacuole function

A

stores materials within the cell

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14
Q

Chloroplasts

A

closely stacked, flattened sacs (plants only)
contain chlorophyll, green pigment that traps energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) and makes plants green

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

where protein is synthesised

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16
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

transports materials WITHIN the cell

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the gell-like substance inside the cell; (everthing around the organelles)

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

stores DNA and controls the cells function

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19
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small bumps located on the rough ER

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20
Q

Vacuole

A

temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

firm, productive structure that gives plants, fungi and some bacteria its shape

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces a usable form of energy for the cell

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • packages proteins for transport out of the cell
  • creates an enormous surface area for cell metabolism
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24
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site where ribosomes are made

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25
Cell membrane
the membrane surrounding the cell
26
Centrioles
hollow tubes which provide support for the cell
27
Cilia and flagella
hair-like structures used for movement and sensing
28
Smooth ER
Organelle responsible for synthesising, storing lipids and steroids.
29
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes, organelle produces, folds and exports proteins
30
What is the cell membrane made of?
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
31
Phospholipid bilayer
a double layered structure made up of a phosphate head and a fatty acid tail.
32
Protein channels
assist larger molecules to pass from outside to inside the cell (and vice versa)
33
Phosphate head
HYDROPHILIC; likes to hang around water
34
Fatty acid tail
HYDROPHOBIC; repels water
35
Molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration
concentration gradients
36
Moving across a membrane
cells moving from high concentration to low concentration across a membrane; some get through, others don't
37
Impermeable
impossible to get through
38
Semipermeable
some can get through
39
Permeable
all can get through
40
Permeability
whether or not something can get through
41
Can pass easily through a membrane
- alcohol - uncharged particles; O2, CO2 - H2O; Water
42
Requires a protein channel
- amino acids - glucose - ions
43
Diffusion
when molecules move from high to low concentration
44
Osmosis
- a type of diffusion - only involves the movement of water - the water is moving to a higher concentration of solute molecules
45
Hypertonic
- high level of solute - high concentration
46
Hypotonic
- lower level of solute - low concentration
47
What is a solute?
any molecules in a cell, EXCEPT for water
48
Lipid Molecules
- molecules that can complete simple diffusion
49
Facilitated Diffusion
- simple diffusion, with a bit of help
50
Molecules that need facilitated diffusion
- hydrophilic molecules - charged molecules
51
ALL HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES CAN DIFFUSE THROUGH THE MEMBRANE
NO MATTER THE SIZE
52
Two proteins involved in facilitated diffusion
- carrier proteins - channel proteins
53
Carrier proteins
- identify specific molecules and carry them across the membrane - carrier proteins transport glucose into the cell
54
Channel proteins
- they create small tunnels through the membrane that allow the molecules through
55
ACTIVE transport (ENERGY)
- membrane transport that goes AGAINST the concentration gradient - requires energy AND carrier proteins - ATP energy - INSIDE to OUTSIDE
56
Equilibrium of cell movement
when the number of cells either side of the membrane are 'equal' and the net movement is 0.
57
What characteristics affect the diffusion rate?
- type of protein - distance to travel - temperature (internal and external) - the solvent - the substance diffusion - the barrier type (membrane)
58
Isotonic
equal amount of solute (osmotic pressure)
59
Enzyme
- protein - break down or build up substances
60
Prokaryote
No nucleus, single celled
61
Eukaryote
Nucleus
62
Mitochondria responsiblity
RESPIRATION
63
Experiment on osmosis. If you want a cell to gain weight what would you place it into
Beaker of water
64
Which part of a cell is responsible for breaking down and digesting?
Lysosomes
65
What does optimum temperature mean for an enzyme?
The point at which the enzyme is working most efficiently

Biology 10 (6 decks)

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