ENZYMES II Flashcards by Sab Manlapaz

ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE/ AST [Also called as]
— transfer of amino group between aspartate and α-keto acids.

Coenzyme: _______________.

Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase/SGOT

Pyridoxal phosphate AST

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AST ISOENZYMES
[2]
—No clinical significance in differentiation of the 2 as it is measured as a _________.

Cytoplasmic Isoenzyme
Mitochondrial Isoenzyme

whole
Total AST

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TISSUE SOURCES
✔ Cardiac tissue
✔ Liver
✔ Skeletal muscle
✔ Small levels to kidneys, pancreas, RBC

AST

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AMI IN AST
Rise:______
Peak: _______
Normalize: ______

6-8
12hrs-1day
5 days

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AST [HIGHEST]: [3’

Acute Hepatobiliary disorder
Viral hepatitis
liver cirrhosis

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__________: concentration will go as high as 100x the upper normal value of AST while 4x for _________.

Viral hepatitis

Liver cirrhosis

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AST METHOD _______

[Reaction]
[False increase in]

Karmen Method

Aspartate + a-ketoglutarate –[AST]– glutamate + oxaloacetate

Oxaloacetate + NADH + H –[MDH] – Malate + NAD

Hemolysis

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ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE/ALT
[Other Name]
— transfer of an amino group from alanine to a- ketoglutarate with the formation of _______ and ________.
[Reaction]

Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase/SGTPT

pyruvate
glutamate

ALT + a-ketoglutarate –[ALT]–> pyruvate + glutamic acid

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ALT METHOD
[+ reaction]

Coupled Enzymatic Reaction
ALT + a-ketoglutarate –[ALT] – glutamate + pyruvate

Pyruvate + NADH+ H –[LD] – Lactate + NAD

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Storage temperature and Days for AST and ALT

4C
3-4 days

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TISSUE SOURCE: ✔ Liver

ALT

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ALT

Good thing: HIGHER CONC= , elevated longer [as its half- life is ______hours during liver disorder]

16-24hrs

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_____________
catalyze the HYDROLYSIS of various phosphomonoester at an alkaline pH.

Reaction catalyzed: SAME with ____________. function more on acidic pH

Its function is to LIBERATE _____________ from an _____________← with the concomitant production of an ___________

Alkaline Phosphatase/ALP

ACP

inorganic phosphate
organic phosphate ester

alcohol

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ISOENZYMES
✔ Bone
✔ Liver
✔ Intestinal

ALP

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􏰀 TISSUE SOURCES
✔ Bone
✔ Liver
✔ Intestine
✔ Placenta
✔ Small levels to kidney

Alkaline Phosphatase/ALP

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✔ Bone isoenzymes ALP– high conc. is seen among children during their periods of _______. In adults, older than____ ← due to [2]
✔ Placental isoenzymes ALP– elevate during ______ weeks of ______.

growth
50
bone mineralization
osteoporosis

16-20 weeks
gestation

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✔ [HIGHEST: Total ALP]: _____________
✔ [HIGHEST: Bone ALP]:
[2]

Obstructive jaundice

Paget’s disease
Osteitis deoformans

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__________ : isoform of placental ALP
✔ __________ ALP- lungs, breast, ovaries, gynecological problem
✔ __________ ALP- adenocarcinoma of bile duct, pancreas, pleural cancer

Carcinoplacental ALP

Regan

Nagao

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In Bower’s & Mccomb Method:
[INC]
✔ Osteitis deformans –___ ALP
✔ Osteomalacia –____ ALP
✔ Obstructive jaundice–___ ALP
✔ Rickets –____ ALP
✔ Bone CA –____ ALP
✔ Sprue –____ ALP
✔ Hepatitis/Cirrhosis –____ ALP
✔ Hyperparathyroidism–____ ALP

Bone
Bone
Liver
Bone
Bone
Intestinal
Liver
Liver

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ALP is seperated by [3]

Electrophoresis
Heat Stability Test
Chemical Inhibition Test

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Electrophoretic pattern for ALP
[cathode to anode]

Intestinal-Placental-Bone-Liver

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Sometimes liver and bone ALP will have the same bonds since they are _______, to separate them we use ________.

co-migrators
Neuramidase

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In the Heat Stability test of ALP, the serum will be subjected to ___C for ____mins.

Most heat stable: _______ ALP
Most heat labile: ______ ALP

56C
10-15mins

Placental
Bone

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● 3 molar urea–inhibit ____ ALP
● Phenylalanine – inhibit ____ ALP
● Levamisole – inhibit ____ ALP

Placental
Placental, Intestinal
Bone

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In the Bower's & McComb Method of ALP: [technique used] Reaction: ________–[ALP]-> [2] Reference value: ______U/L __________: ALP Inhibitor

Continuous Monitoring Technique P-nirtophenylphosphate P-niitrophenol Phosphate ion 30-90 Phosphorus

_________________ Same reaction with ALP but in acidic pH [_____pH]

Acid Phosphatase/ACP 5.0 pH

TISSUE SOURCES MAJOR: ✔ Prostate/-gland

ACP

Minor tissue sources: RBC, Plt, bone

ACP

[Enzyme] USES: ✔ Forensic chemistry - ______ cases: vaginal washing is examine for ______ ACP, persist for [#] days. - ✔ Cancer detection: __________

ACP rape seminal fluid 4 prostatic cancer

METHOD: SHINOWARA METHOD [same with ALP] — Special consideration on enzyme activity

ACP

INHIBITORS: __________inhibits Prostatic ACP __________ inhibits Red cell ACP

L-tartrate Cupric ion formaldehyde

__________- ACP + tumor marker PSA

Prostatic CA

Total ACP: Prostatic ACP:

2.5 -11.7 U/L 0-- 3.5 ng/ml

Hydrolase; SMALLEST enzyme

Amylase/AMS

􏰀 filtered by kidneys — from the acinar cells of pancreas + salivary gland

AMS

[+] urine

AMS

it catalyzes the breakdown of starch and glycogen → helps in the carbs digestion

AMS

􏰀 ISOENZYMES ✔ S-TYPE – ______ [location] ✔ P-TYPE – ______ [location]

Ptyalin Salivary gland Amylopsin Pancreas

􏰀 TISSUE SOURCES MAJOR: ✔salivary gland ✔pancreas MINOR: ✔adipose tissue ✔small intestine ✔skeletal muscle ✔fallopian tube

AMS

Acute pancreatitis in AMS Rise: __________ Peak: __________ Normalize: __________

2-12hrs 1 day 3-5 days

AMS conditions aside from Acute Pancreatitis [3] _________ – inflammation of the parotid gland _________- [INC] ← failure of it to be ________. ● ___________– abnormal form of AMY; bound to _____ → makes AMY a large molecule

Parotitis Renal failure excreted Macroamylase Ig

To differentiate the AMS isoenzyme we can use __________ [Electrophoretic pattern] [cathode to anode]

electrophoresis Cathode← P type, S type → Anode

__________ METHOD: INHIBITOR; WHEAT GERM LECTIN, TAG, SUBSTRATE Inhibitors: ________ inhibits Salivary amylase ________ inhibits Serum amylase ________ inhibits Substrate

AMS Wheat germ lectin TAG Starch

AMS Reference value:

95-290 U/L

Both amylase and lipase are _________ markers

pancreatic

􏰀 Measures the amount of reducing sugar produced by the hydrolysis of starch by the usual glucose methods. 􏰀 Classic reference method expressed in ______.

Saccharogenic SU/Somogoyi Method

􏰀 Measures AMS activity by following the decrease in the substrate concentration [degradation of the starch]

Amyloclastic

Measures AMS activity by the [INC] color intensity of the soluble dye-substrate solution produced in the reaction.

Chromogenic

Measures AMS activity by the continuous monitoring technique. It make use of OTHER ENZYMES: [3]

Coupled Enzyme alpha-glucosidase G-f hexokinase

— hydrolyzes the ester linkages of fats to produce alcohol + fatty acid. ✔ Pancreas specific> AMY

Lipase

TISSUE SOURCES: MAJOR: ✔ acinar cells of the pancreas

Lipase

✔ LIPASE Acute Pancreatitis Rise: _______ Peak: _______ Normalize: _______

6hrs 1 day 8-14 days

Lipase is decreased when there is the degradation of acinar cells, resulting to disease: _________.

Chronic Hepatitis

LPS METHOD OF DETRMINATION ✔ SUBSTRATE: [2] ✔ ADDITION OF +_______- method will be sensitive and specific for determination of ________.

Olive oil Triolein Colipase Acute Pancreatitis

LIPASE METHOD: ___________ -hydrolysis of [substrate] after incubation for ____ hours @____C & titration of fatty acids using ______. TAG + H2O —[LPS]—> monoglyceride [alcohol] + fatty acids 􏰀 Reference value: _____ U/mL

Cherry Crandal Method olive oil 24 37 NaOH 0-1.0

Glycolytic enzyme that splits fructose-1,6-diphosphate → 2 triose phosphate molecules in the glucose metabolism

Aldolase

ISOENZYMES of ALDOLASE [+ designations]

Aldolase A- skeletal muscle Aldolase B- WBC, liver, kidney Aldolase C- brain

[INC]: skeletal muscle disease, hepatic carcinoimas, HA, leukemia

Aldolase

marker for hepatobiliary disease Reference value: ______ units

5' Nucleotidase 0-1.6

— catalyzes the transfer of glutamyl groups between peptides or amino acid through linkage at a gamma carboxyl group.

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase/GGT

TISSUE SOURCES: ✔Liver [>] ✔Kidney ✔Prostate & pancreas

GGT

􏰀 Sensitive indicator of alcoholism [esp. occult alcoholism] + acute alcohol hepatitis

GGT

GGT is increased in certain medications/therapy [3]

Warfarin Phenobarbital & Phenytoin therapy

GGT METHOD: ______________ SUBSTRATE: ____________ Reference value: ✔ Female: ________ ✔ Male: _______[> alcohol drinking]

Rosalki & Tarrow Method Gamma Glutamyl P-Nitroanilide 5-30 U/L 6-45 U/L

— Produce from liver parenchyma — MARKER: Liver + insecticide/ pesticide poisoning [esp. Organophosphate] [DEC]

Cholinesterase/Pseudocholinesterase

Cholinesterase/Pseudocholinesterase major marker [1] and its decreased values in certain conditions such as [2] [1 example]

Liver insecticide poisoning pesticide poisoning organophosphate

METHOD of Cholinesterase/Pseudocholinesterase: _______________ 􏰀 Reference value:______pH uni

Ellman Techniques or Potentiometry 0.5-1.3

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME [ACE] AKA: [2] — INDICATOR [DEC]: neuronal dysfunction: ____________ - Specimen: ____________

Peptidyl-dipeptidase Kininase-2 Alzheimer's disease CSF

Ceruloplasmin TISSUE SOURCES: [2]

Macrophage Epitheloid cells

􏰀 copper carrying protein —MARKER: hepatolenticular disease: Wilsons’ disease [DEC]

Ceruloplasmin

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE ---- deficiency of this enzyme can lead to→ ________ [2 drugs] Ref Value: ______U/g Hb

drug-induced HA Primaquine anti-malarial drug 10-15

ENZYMES II Flashcards

(71 cards)