TRACE ELEMENTS Flashcards by Sab Manlapaz

— very small amount in the body; almost half of the elements in the periodic table can be found in our body but in small amount only

Trace Elements

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— are consist of metals, [EXCEPT: 4]

Fluoride
Iodine
Hallogens
Selenium

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✔ Trace Elements (mg/dL)- [3]
✔ Ultra Trace Elements (ug/L)- [3]

Copper
Iron
Zinc

Selenium
Magnesium
Chromium

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2 TYPES OF TRACE ELEMENTS

Essential Trace Elements

Non-essential Trace Elements

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● Deficiency impairs biochemical functions
● They have an important role in our body

Essential Trace Elements

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Doesn’t have a role in our body; not really important but can be toxic.
- In high dosage → toxicity

Non-Essential Trace Elements

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Blood: <23 ug/L
Urine: 50 ug/L

Arsenic

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— Ubiquitous/common in nature
— NON-ESSENTIAL trace element

Arsenic

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ARSENIC
— Natural sources are [2]
- Anthropogenic sources
: produced from ____________.

volcanoes
weathering of minerals

human intervention

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Uses of Arsenic

pesticide
poison gases
ammunition

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as treatment to Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

Arsenic Trioxide

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NON-TOXIC ORGANIC FORMS of Arsenic
[2]

Arsenobetaine
Arsenocholine

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__________________
— Cleared rapidly in our body between [#] days
— can be obtained by our body thru the _________ and can also [INC] arsenic to the ________.

Non-Toxic Organic Forms

1-2 days

seafood
urine

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_________________
— Cleared slowly in our body bet. [#]
[3 TYPES]
[Subtype] ___________odorless and tasteless even in 0.01-0.05g
✔ [acute/chronic] exposure can result to _____.

Toxic Inorganic Forms
1-3 weeks

Pentavalent
Trivalent
Methylated form

White powder of arsenic trioxide
acute
death

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SYMPTOMS
BM
Cardiovascular
CNS
GI Symptoms
Hepatic
Renal

Arsenic

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✔Arsenic Chronic Exposure: [5]

cardiovascular
CNS
malignant change
hepatic
dermatologic

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Methods of Arsenic

ICP-MS
GFAAS
HGAAS

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common method for Arsenic

Hydride generation Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy/ HGAAS

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Urine: < 2.6 ug/L
✔ 24 Hr urine-_____ug/Day
Blood: <5.0 ug/L
✔ Special consideration: _____-colored plastic in particular often contain Cd.

Cadmium

< 3.3
yellow

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— Soft, bluish-white metal, easily cut w/ knife

Cadmium

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Use:
batteries

Cadmium, Lead

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Use:
plastic industries

Cadmium

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Use:
pigments

cadmium

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Use: metal plating

Cadmium

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Use: ammunition

Arsenic, Lead

Use: foil

Lead

Toxicity of Cadmium

Nervous system Renal dysfunction Chemical pneumonitis/edema N/V, Abdominal pain Bone Blood Immune

TOXICITY of Cadmium 􏰀 Renal dysfunction: # + can cause _________. 􏰀 Vapor Inhalation: can cause __________ as well as of the lungs 􏰀 Bone, immune, blood, nervous system 􏰀 Chemical pneumonitis & edema – obtained thru its ________. 􏰀 N/V, abdominal pain — thru ________.

proteinuria nasal epithelial damage fumes ingestion

___________- when protein bind → Cadmium denaturation = loss of proteins function.

Protein Cd Adducts

METHODS OF CADMIUM

ICP-MS GFAAS ICP-AES

Cd bound to blood is [#]%- use for monitoring for [ACUTE/CHRONIC] exposure

70% CHRONIC

— Heavy metal; # found in the environment 􏰀 Metallic lead is soft, bluish, white, highly malleable + ductile.

Lead

— Uses: batteries, ammunition, foil

Lead

— Paint banned in _____ bec. of the toxic effect of lead

1972

Lead Distribution: Soft tissue:[#]% Bone: [#]%

5-30% 70-95%

Lead excretion [5]

urine feces hair nail sweat

General toxicity of Lead

CNS symptoms GI symptoms

Spx used for Lead

whole venous blood urine hair nail

Spx used for recent exposure to lead or monitor chelation therapy

urine

Other tests used for Lead [4]

Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin Plasma Levunilic Acid Whole Blood ZPP X-ray Fluorescence

Methods used for Lead

ICP-MS ICP-AES AAS

Blood in non-pregnant adult: 30 ug/L Urine: <80 ug/24hr

Lead

􏰀Heavy, silvery metal 􏰀 It is EXTREMELY TOXIC

Mercury/Quicksilver

Mercury is Liquid: [Temperature] & pressure

3 naturally occurring oxidation state of Merucry:

Hg (0) Hg (I) Hg (II)

􏰀 Excretion: Urine, Feces, can pass thru placenta

mercury

􏰀 Highest accumulation: brain, liver, kidney, pituitary, thyroid, reproductive organ, spleen.

mercury

Symptoms of Mercury

Hepatic dysfunction Polyneuropathy Proteinuria

Health Effects of Mercury: ✔ Before use in medicine: ● Mercuric chloride- [3] ● ____________- vaccine preservative ● Mercuric based preservative causes _______.

diuretics topical disinfectant laxative Thiomersal autism

METHODS used for mercury

Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ICP-MS

Reference Value: ✔ Urine: f 0-15 ug/L or 24 hr collection ✔ Blood: 0-60ug/L

Mercury

Inhalation, Ingestion, water

arsenic

Inhalation, Ingestion, smoking

cadmium

produced from burning of fossil fuel + waste incineration

cadmium

Ingestion of these elements may impair lead adsorption

FCRIM fat calcium ROH/Alcohol Iron Magnesium

Ingestion of these low dietary elements may enhance lead adsorption

Zinc Vit. C Citric acid

Inhalation, Ingestion, Injection, Tattooing, Cutaneous, Dental amalgam

Mercury/Quicksilver

[ENHANCES] Insulin action; for glucose and lipid metabolism

Chromium

Hb synthesis components of Vit. B 12

Cobalt

Cellular respiration Collagen synthesis

Copper

Prevents dental carries

Flurorine

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Iodine

O2 transport component of Hb

Iron

Bone & CT functions

Manganese

DNA metabolism

Molybdenum

Prevents Oxidative, lipid damage

Selenum

Protein synthesis

Zinc

Deficiency may cause: Insulin resistance IGT [Type 2 DM] Hyperlipidemia

Chromium

Menke’s kinky hair syndrome Muscle weakness

Copper

Anemia [IDA]

Cobalt Iron

When molybdenum is deficient theses conditions manifest:

cretinism goiter growth depression

Skeletal defects

Manganese

When selenium is deficient these conditions manifest:

Kashinbeck disease Keshan disease

Cretinism Goiter Myxerdema

iodine

Acrodermatitis enterropathica Delayed wound healing Growth retardation Infertility Osteoporosis

Zinc

When chromium is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests:

Skin ulcers Renal & Hepatic necrosis

When cobalt is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests: [2]

Hypothyroidism Heart failure

Iron & zinc interference

Copper

When iodine is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests:

Thyrotoxicosis

When iron is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests:

Hemachromatosis

Identify their elements: Thyrotoxicosis Hypothyroidism Hemachromatosis

Iodine, Molybdenum Cobalt Iron

When manganese is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests: [2]

Psychiatric disorders Parkinson's disease

Hair & nail loss Liver failure

Selenum

Anemia Thyrotoxicosis

Molybdenum

When zinc is in its toxic levels this condition manifests:

gastrointestinal irritation

Identify their element: 1. Cretinism, Goiter, Myxedema 2. Cretinism, Goiter, Growth depression

Iodine Molybdenum

TRACE ELEMENTS Flashcards

(86 cards)