INSTRUMENTATION

Question 1

Filter Photometry is also called as? [2]

Answer 1

Emission Flame Photometry
Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

Question 2

The measurement of emitted light when an electron in an atom becomes excited by heat energy produced by the
flame.

Answer 2

Emission Flame Photometry /Flame Emission Spectrophotometry/ Filter Photometry

Question 3

FES is used primarily to determine concentration of [3] since these alkali metals are easy to excite.

Answer 3

K+
Na
Lithium

Question 4

Filter Photometry:
_________ is used to excite the electrons present in atoms → excited electrons release/emit light →__________ is being measured

Once the atom is exhausted, losing the light emitted → go back to ________

Answer 4

Flame
light energy

ground state

Question 5

Components of the Flame Photometer
[4]

Answer 5

Gases
Atomizer or Burner
Monochromators
Detector

Question 6

Excited atoms return to ground state by emitting light energy that is characteristic of that atomic species.

Answer 6

FES

Question 7

FES
________ using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas [3 examples]

Answer 7

Gases

acetylene
propane
natural gas

Question 8

FES:
Source or fuel of this machine producing the flame

Answer 8

Gases

Question 9

FES:
breaks up the solution into finer droplets so that the atom will absorb heat energy from the flame and get excited.

Answer 9

Atomizer or Burner

Question 10

FES:
Sprays onto fuel and covert it to finer droplets

Answer 10

Atomizer

Question 11

FES Types of Burners

Answer 11

Total Consumption Burner
Premix Burner

Question 12

aspirate sample directly into the flame, the gases are passed at high velocity over the end of the capillary suspended in the solution.

Answer 12

Total Consumption Burner

Question 13

involves the gravitational feeding of solution through a restricting capillary into an area of high velocity gas flow where small droplets are produced and passed into the flame.

Answer 13

Premix burner

Question 14

Total Consumption Burner or Premix Burner

Fuel is aspirated through capillary action (pulled upwards)

Answer 14

Total Consumption Burner

Question 15

Total Consumption Burner or Premix Burner

Source of fuel comes from upper part of system

Answer 15

Premix Burner

Question 16

FES Monochromators [3]

Answer 16

Na filter
K filter
Lithium

Question 17

Na filter: transmit [color] light [#nm]
K filter: transmit [color] light [#nm]
Lithium: transmit [color] light [#nm]

Answer 17

yellow
violet
red

589
767
761

Question 18

Filter Photometry Detector [1]

Answer 18

Photocell

Question 19

referred to as the internal standard, also acts as a radiation buffer in Filter photometry

Answer 19

Lithium

Question 20

Reasons why lithium is preferred in EFP?

Answer 20

Emission characteristics are similar to Na and K

Normally present as trace element in the human tissue + does not present interferences in the determination.

Question 21

Its purpose is to achieve stability where there are fluctuations caused by
changes in fuel of air pressure which affects flame temperature and rate of sample aspiration.

Answer 21

Lithium

Question 22

CRITERIA IN CHOOSING THE INTERNAL STANDARD/Lithium for EFP
➢ Its concentration must be precisely the ______ in all samples and standards.
➢ Energy required of the internal standard must be close to that required to ______ the element being measured.
➢ Must be [normally/not normally] found in ion being analyzed.

✓ In cases where lithium is the analyte ,_______ is used as internal standard

Answer 22

same

excite

not normally

cesium

Question 23

Based on absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the atom

Answer 23

AAS

Question 24

____________
The element is not excited but they are dissociated from their chemical bonds and placed in the __________________. Breaking chemical bonds

Answer 24

AAS

unionized, unexcited ground state

Question 25

[MORE SPECIFIC] AAS: sample + ______ = aspirated sample --> combined with [Radiaton source] --> Radiation source is modulated by________ --> [Wavelength selector] --> [Detector] --> _________ --> Signal processor

Answer 25

Burner Hollow Cathode lamp Mechanical Rotating Chopper Monochromator- Prism/Diffraction gratings Photomultiplier tubes

Question 26

AAS: sample + ______ = aspirated sample --> combined with ________ --> wavelength selector --> ________ --> _________ --> Signal processor

Answer 26

Atomizer Detector Amplifier

Question 27

AAS components [6]

Answer 27

Light Source Mechanical Rotating Chopper Meter/Read-out device Burner Monochromator Detector

Question 28

AAS light source

Answer 28

Hollow cathode lamp

Question 29

AAS produces a wavelength of light, specific for the kind of metal in the cathode. Gives specific wavelength of light

Answer 29

Hollow cathode lamp

Question 30

modulates/regulates light beam coming from the hollow cathode lamp. Controls amount of light that will go into the next component of the machine

Answer 30

Mechanical Rotating Chopper

Question 31

uses flame to dissociate the chemical bonds and form free, unexcited state of atoms in AAS

Answer 31

Burner

Question 32

A type of burner in AAS, flame is more concentrated and can be made hotter, thus lessening chemical interferences.

Answer 32

Total consumption burner

Question 33

A type of burner in AAS, gases are mixed and the sample is atomized before entering the flame and the large droplets go to waste and not in the flame.

Answer 33

Premix burner

Question 34

A type of burner in AAS, produces large droplets in the flame and produces a high acoustical noise.

Answer 34

Total consumption burner

Question 35

A type of burner in AAS, where it has less noisy signals with longer pathlength and greater absorption and sensitivity.

Answer 35

Premix burner

Question 36

A type of burner in AAS, where flame is less hot and therefore cannot dissociate metal complexes.

Answer 36

Premix burner

Question 37

selects the desired wavelength from a spectrum of wavelength which could either be a [2]

Answer 37

Monochromator prism diffraction gratings

Question 38

AAS DETECTOR – uses __________ to measure the intensity of the light signal.

Answer 38

Photomultiplier tubes

Question 39

where results are displayed in AAS

Answer 39

Meter/Read-Out device

Question 40

Interferences in AAS [3]

Answer 40

Ionization Matrix Lanthanum or Strontium chloride

Question 41

situation at which atoms in the flame become excited and emit energy instead of staying in the ground state.

Answer 41

Ionization

Question 42

formation of solids from sample droplets due to enhancement of light absorption by organic solvents

Answer 42

Matrix

Question 43

interefence in AAS which forms stable complexes with phosphate→to avoid calcium interference

Answer 43

Lanthanum/Strontium chloride

Question 44

____________ The unknown sample is made to react with a known solution [________] in the presence of an indicator.

Answer 44

Volumetric/Titrimetry/Titration Method

Question 45

Volumetric method is also called as? [2]

Answer 45

Titrimetry Titration Method

Question 46

Examples of Titration Methods [2 + their examples]

Answer 46

Chloride determination -- Schales and Schales Calcium determination -- EDTA Titration

Question 47

where indicator reacts to the acid

Answer 47

Point of equivalence

Question 48

solution of the pure form of the sample and its derivatives + the determination of its dry weight.

Answer 48

Gravimetric

Question 49

Example of Gravimetric

Answer 49

Total Lipid determination

Question 50

Allow solutions to evaporate and wait for the analytes to form →measure the dry weight

Answer 50

Gravimetric

Question 51

Determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation analytes will fluoresce/lit up esp. in dark background

Answer 51

Fluorometry

Question 52

Measures the amount of light intensity (produced by analyte) present over a zero background

Answer 52

Fluorometry

Question 53

Fluorometry light source

Answer 53

Mercury Arc Xenon lamp

Question 54

Fluorometry light detector

Answer 54

Photomultiplier tubes

Question 55

Fluorometry is affected by ________ – [4 changes]

Answer 55

ph temp chemical contaminants UV light

Question 56

Fluorometry uses: measurement of [4]

Answer 56

Calcium Catecholamines Porphyrins Magnesium

Question 57

Specific determinations of the following: EFP/FES Volumetric/Titration Gravimetric Fluorometry

Answer 57

Na K Lithium Chloride Calcium Calcium Catecholamines Porphyrins Magnesium

Question 58

It is the measurement of the light blocked by a suspension of particulate matter as light passes through the cuvette.

Answer 58

Turbidimetry

Question 59

Turbidimetry: More amount of light blocked = more __________ present Almost similar to principle of ________

Answer 59

analytes spectrophotometry

Question 60

FACTORS AFFECTING TURBIDITY

Answer 60

size/number of particles tube depth each particle's cross sectional area

Question 61

DISADVANTAGE of TURBIDIMETRY: ________________ due to _________ (combined together and settles at the bottom of the tube) particles which tend to settle out of the solution.

Answer 61

Variable absorption aggregation

Question 62

It is the measurement of light scattered by small particles at an angle to the beam incident on the cuvette.

Answer 62

Nephelometry

Question 63

Factors affecting nephelometric measurements are the same factors affecting ______________.

Answer 63

Turbidimetric

Question 64

It is used to measure the disintegration per minute of time of a radioisotope.

Answer 64

Scintillation Counter

Question 65

Measures radiation

Answer 65

Scintillation Counter

Question 66

2 Types of Scintillation Counter

Answer 66

Solid Liquid

Question 67

Solid Scintillation Counter measure _________ radiation using ____________ as scintillator and ________ as detector with preamplifier circuit.

Answer 67

gamma thallium-activated Na iodate crystal photomultiplier tube

Question 68

Liquid Scintillation Counter – measures _______ radiation using _________ as scintillator

Answer 68

beta liquid flour

Question 69

An immunologic procedure involving the use of radioisotope. Use of antigen and antibody for the detection of analytes

Answer 69

RIA

Question 70

Substances involved in RIA

Answer 70

Unlabeled Ag Radiolabeled Ag Ab

Question 71

substance being analyzed in RIA

Answer 71

Unlabeled Ag

Question 72

acts as label aids in detecting the unlabeled in RIA

Answer 72

Radiolabeled Ag

Question 73

provide binding sites for the 2 antigens in RIA

Answer 73

Ab

Question 74

measurement of differences in voltage at a constant current

Answer 74

Potentiometry

Question 75

Potentiometry follows the _______equation

Answer 75

Nernst

Question 76

Reference electrode of potentiometry

Answer 76

Calomel and Silver-silver chloride

Question 77

Calomel and Silver-silver chloride is used as an reference for what specific method under Potentiometry

Answer 77

Ion Selective Electrode

Question 78

conceptualized ISE selectivity

Answer 78

Nicolsky-Eisenmann

Question 79

measurement of differences in current at a constant voltage.

Answer 79

Polography/Polarography

Question 80

Polarography is used to measure [4]

Answer 80

amino acid Vit. C O2 trace metals

Question 81

Polarography follows the _______ equation

Answer 81

Ilkovic

Question 82

measurement of amount of electricity (in terms of coulombs) at a fixed potential.

Answer 82

Coulometry

Question 83

Coulometry follows what law?

Answer 83

Faraday's law

Question 84

measurement of chlorite (serum and sweat, CSF)

Answer 84

Coulometry

Question 85

sweat inducer to collect sample in Coulometry

Answer 85

Pilocarpine

Question 86

Coulometry Interferences

Answer 86

Bromide cyanide Cysteine

Question 87

In Coulometry, patients w/ __________, they secret high number of electrolytes esp. chlorite in their body secretions due to this one of the samples that can be used is sweat. In , Coulometry

Answer 87

cystic fibrosis

Question 88

the measurement of the amount of current that flows when a constant voltage is applied to the measuring electrode.

Answer 88

Amperometry

Question 89

he measurement of the current flow between 2 non- polarizable electrodes between which a known electrical potential is established

Answer 89

Conductometry

Question 90

_____________ separation of a mixture on the basis of specific differences of the physical-chemical characteristics of the different components on a supporting medium called ____________.

Answer 90

Chromatography sorbent/absorbent

Question 91

The amount of the mixture is separated by a continuous redistribution between [2 phases] in Chromatography:

Answer 91

Stationary phase Mobile phase

Question 92

Mobile phase in Chromatography is also called as

Answer 92

Eluent/Carrier fluid

Question 93

Kinds of Chromatography [8]

Answer 93

Column Gel Gas Ion-exchange Liquid-Liquid/Partition High performance Liquid Paper Thin layer

Question 94

______________ A spot of the substance to be fractionated is placed on the _______ just above the solvent level.

Answer 94

Paper chromatography paper

Question 95

_______________ _________ (mobile phase) moves up through the paper by capillary action and various fractions in the sample move at different rates. Separation takes place

Answer 95

Paper Chromatography Organic solvent

Question 96

Sorbent used in Paper Chromatography

Answer 96

Special grades of filter paper

Question 97

Example of Paper Chromatography

Answer 97

Whatman Phase Separating Paper

Question 98

Paper Chromatography basis of separation: [3]

Answer 98

Rate of diffusion Solute solubility Solvent's nature

Question 99

solvent's nature in Paper chromatography

Answer 99

Organic

Question 100

Clinical use of Paper chromatography

Answer 100

Fractionation of: amino acids barbiturates sugars

Question 101

When a mixture of small and large molecules is allowed to pass over small particles in a column, the smaller molecules diffuse into the gel, whereas larger molecules tend to pass rapidly in the column and appear in the eluate first.

Answer 101

Gel chromatography

Question 102

In Gel Chromatography, a mixture of small and large molecules is allowed to pass over [small/large] particles in a column, the [smaller/larger] molecules diffuse into the gel, whereas [smaller/larger] molecules tend to pass rapidly in the column and appear in the eluate [last/first]

Answer 102

small smaller larger first

Question 103

Basis of separation of Gel chromatography

Answer 103

Molecular weight/size Ion charge Hydrophobicity of molecules

Question 104

Gel chromatography clinical uses

Answer 104

Fractionation of: Nucleic acids Polysaccharides Proteins [enzymes/isoenzymes]

Question 105

Substances to be separated are passed on the ion-exchange column and depending on the [2] of the solution; the substance is absorbed from solution in the_________. Main basis is charge

Answer 105

Ion-Exchange Chromatography net pH charge ion-change resin

Question 106

IEC Ions with [greatest/lowest] charge densities will be held most strongly on an ion-exchange material.

Answer 106

greatest

Question 107

Sorbent used in IEC

Answer 107

Anion/Cation resin w/ functional groups

Question 108

Basis of separation in IEC

Answer 108

Differences in sign + ionic charge densities

Question 109

Separation of unwanted substances present in a solution mixture

Answer 109

IEC

Question 110

Concentration of solute of interest in highly diluted samples can be determined.

Answer 110

IEC

Question 111

sorbent used in Thin Layer Chromatography

Answer 111

Thin plastic plates impregnated to a layer of: alumina silica gel starch gel/polyacrylamide gel

Question 112

Basis of separation in TLC

Answer 112

Diffusion rate Solute Solubility Solvent's nature

Question 113

____________________ A highly polar substance tends to be more soluble in a highly polar solvent [______], while the less polar substance tends to be more soluble in a less polar solvent, [______].

Answer 113

Liquid-Liquid/Partition Chromatography water organic solvent

Question 114

Partition chromatography follows what principle?

Answer 114

Like dissolves like

Question 115

Column chromatography basis of separation

Answer 115

pH differences Solvent's polarity

Question 116

Column chromatography clinical use

Answer 116

Fraction of sugars

Question 117

It is capable separating and measuring nanogram and picogram amounts of volatile substances.

Answer 117

Gas chromatography

Question 118

follows the concept of selective adsorption.

Answer 118

HPLC

Question 119

It applies 4,000- 10,000-lbs/square inch pressure for the rapid identification and separation of high molecular weight components and many labile biologic compounds such as [7]

Answer 119

antibiotics barbiturates drug lipids hormones peptides steroid

Question 120

Mostly applied to drug testing

Answer 120

HPLC

Question 121

It refers to the migration or movement of charged particles in an electric field. Basis is the difference in electrical charge and principle that opposite attracts; instead of absorbent, electric field is used

Answer 121

Electrophoresis

Question 122

Charged particle or ion will migrate towards the anode or cathode depending on the _________ (____) of the solution under the influence of an externally applied electric field.

Answer 122

Electrophoresis isoelectic pH pI

Question 123

migration of small charged ions

Answer 123

Iontophoresis

Question 124

– migration of charged macromolecules

Answer 124

Zone electrophoresis

Question 125

migration of ions with either + or - charge

Answer 125

Amphoteric

Question 125

zero net charge

Answer 125

Isoelectric point

Question 125

FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF MIGRATION in electrophoresis

Answer 125

Molecule size/shape Net electric charge Electric fluid strength Nature of Supporting media

Question 126

Support media of Electophoresis

Answer 126

Paper Starch gel Cellulose acetate Agarose gel Polyacrylamide gel

Question 127

Other components of Electrophoretic System other than the support media

Answer 127

Electrophoretic chamber Power supply

Question 128

To easily identify or visualize the bonds after migration

Answer 128

Stains

Question 129

Stains in Serum Protein Electrophoresis

Answer 129

Amido black Ponceau S

Question 130

Stains in Lipoprotein Electrophoresis

Answer 130

Oil red O Sudan Black Fat red 7B

Question 131

Stains in CSF Protein/CHON electrophoresis IT IS FOR DIAGNOSING?

Answer 131

Coomasie blue multiple sclerosis