INTROS Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
________Process in which ______ force is used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension
- [#] mins centrifugation of blood
A
Centrifugation
centrifugal
1O mins
2
Q
Separation of solids from liquids. However, ________ is only occasionally used in today’s laboratory
A
Filtration
paper filtration
3
Q
Separating macromolecules from a solvent or smaller substance. It became popular when used in conjunction with the _________ system in the 1970s.
A
Dialysis
Technicon Autoanalyzer
4
Q
Rule in Gaussian Distribution curve
A
68-95-99 RULE
5
Q
Summarizes the relationships between the area under the Gaussian distribution curve and the SD.
A
68-95-99 rule
6
Q
The reference range is usually set at [#] % limit
A
95%
7
Q
Given any data in the Gaussian curve:
➢ _____% of the data will fall between the +/-1SD from the mean.
➢ _____% of the data will fall between the +/- 2SD from the mean.
➢ _____% will fall between +/- 3SD from the mean.
A
68.3%
95.4%
99.7%
8
Q
FOR +1SD/2SD/3SD: MEAN ________
FOR -1SD/2SD/3SD: MEAN ________
A
+(SD) (1)/(2)/(3)
– (SD) (1)/(2)/(3)
9
Q
A common method to assess the determination of control materials over time is by the use of__________/________
A
Levey-Jennings chart
Shewhart plot
10
Q
___________it is the most common method and its generally accepted minimum protocol is: [Frequency]
A
Levey-Jennings control chart
Shewhart plot
2O times on 2O different days
11
Q
Westgard rules in random error
A
12S warning rule
13S reject
R4S
12
Q
Westgard rules in systematic error
A
22s
41s
1OX
13
Q
One control observation exceeding the mean +/-2s. A warning rule that
initiates testing of control data by other rules
A
12s
14
Q
One control observation exceeding the mean +/-3s.
A
13S
15
Q
Allows high sensitivity to
random error
A
13S
16
Q
Two control observations consecutively exceeding the same +2s or -2s. Allows high sensitivity to systematic error
A
22s
17
Q
One control exceeding the +2s and another exceeding the -2s. Allows
detection of random error
A
R4s
18
Q
Four control observations consecutively exceeding the same +1s or -1s. Allows detection of systematic error
A
41s
19
Q
Ten consecutive control observations falling on one side or the other of the
mean (no requirement for SD size). Systematic error
A
10x
20
Q
___________
Methodology is the combination of ________quality management, developed by Motorola, with _____ manufacturing strategy, pioneered by ______, to provide tangible metrics for quality improvement. In its simplest form.
A
Lean Six Sigma
Six sigma
Lean
Toyota
21
Q
asks the questions, how can this process be improved?
A
Six sigma
22
Q
asks the question, does this process or steps need to exist?
A
Lean
23
Q
Together, as Lean Six Sigma, they are being increasingly used to reduce error ________and waste _______within the health-care system
A
Six Sigma
Lean
24
Q
__________methodology is the quality improvement team’s project management road map.
A
DMAIC [Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control]
25
Problems & Objectives
Define
26
What do we need to improve?
Measure
27
Process and Factors of influence
Analyze
28
Implement improvement
Approve
29
Assure that improvement will sustain
Control
30
In Beer's Law, the concentration of the unknown substance is directly proportional to ________ and inversely proportional to _______.
absorbance
transmittance
31
What law is this?
Under what principles of Instrumentation?
Sample = Absorbance = %T
Beer's Law
Spectrophotometry
32
What are the Photometric Methods
Spectrophotometry
AAS
Fluorometry
Chemiluminescence
Turbidimetry
Nephelometry
33
Chemical reaction produces colored substance that absorbs light of a specific wavelength. Amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to concentration of analyte
Spectrophotometry
34
COMPONENT PARTS of Spectrophotometry:
Light sources: [2]
Monochromators: [1]
Tungsten lamp [visible range]
Deuterium lamp [UV]
Diffraction grafting
35
COMPONENT PARTS of Spectrophotometry aside from light sources and monochromators
Cuvette
Photodetector
Readout device
36
Hollow cathode lamp with cathode made of analyte produces wavelength specific for analyte.
AAS
37
A photometric that is sensitive and is used for trace metals
AAS
38
Measures light absorbed by ground-state atoms.
AAS
39
Component parts:
Atomizer
Flame
Monochromator
Hallow cathode lamp
Mixing chamber
Chopper
Detector
Readout device
AAS
40
Detector at 90* to light source so that only emitted light by the sample is measured.
Fluorometry
41
More sensitive than colorimetry. Used to measure drugs, hormones.
Fluorometry
42
Atoms absorb light of specific wavelength and emit light of longer wavelength (lower energy)
Fluoremetry
43
COMPONENT PARTS:
Light source, primary monochromator, secondary monochromator, detector, readout device
Fluorometry
44
Light parts of Fluorometry
Mercury lamp
Xenon arc lamp
45
Doesn’t require excitation radiation or monochromator like Spectro, AAS, fluorometry. Extremely sensitive. Used for immunoassays.
Chemiluminiscence
46
Chemical reaction that produces light.
Chemiluminescence
47
Chemicluminiscence usually involves [4]
acridinium
esters
dioexerances
luminol
48
COMPONENT PARTS:
Reagent probes, photo multiplier tube, sample & reagent, cuvette, readout device
Chemiluminescence
49
Used to measure proteins in urine and CSF
Turbidimetry
50
Measures reduction in light transmission by particles in suspension; blocked light
Turbidimetry
51
Used to measure ag-ab reaction
Nephelometry
52
Similar to turbidimetry but light is measured at angle from light source
Nephelometry
53
COMPONENT PARTS:
Light source, collinator, monochromator, cuvette, photo detector, readout device
Nephelometry
54
The amount of light reflected by a solution dispensed onto a white granular surface is inversely proportional to the concentration of the sample
Spectrophotometry
55
Luminiscence is based on an energy exchange process that occurs when certain compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation, become excited and return to an energy level lower than or equal to their original level
Fluorometry
56
detects light scatterd at various angles
Nephelometry
57
detects reduction in light transmission due to particle formation
turbidimetry
58
When light passes from one medium to another, the light beam changes its direction at the boundary surface.
Refractometry
59
Based on the measuring changes in the colligative properties of solutions that occur owing to variations in particle concentration.
Osmometry
60
Measures multiple properties of cell suspended
Flow Cytometry
61
Measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of specific ions
Electrochemistry
62
Under electrochemistry
[5]
Potentiometry
Coulometry
Amperometry
Voltametry
Conductance
63
measurement of voltage between 2 electrodes in a solution
Potentiometry
64
measures the quantity of electricity in coulombs needed to convert an analyte to a dff. oxidation state
coulometry
65
measurement of current flow produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction
amperometry
66
measures a potential applied to an electrochemical cell and the resulting current
voltametry
67
measures the ability of a solution to carry an electrical current
Conductance
68
measurement is based on the change in electrical resistance across an aperture when a particle in conductive liquid passes through this aperture
impedance
69
potential difference bet 2 electrodes directly related to an analyte conc
ISE
70
___________separation of charrged particles in electrical field. Anions move to positively charges pole [anode]; cations to negatively charged pole [cathode]. The greater the charge the [faster/slower] the migration
Electrophoresis
faster
71
In protein electrophoresis,
the rate of migration depends on:
size
shape
molecule charge
72
In protein electrophoresis,
the support medium are
cellulose acetate
agarose
73
In protein electrophoresis,
the buffer used is the_______ at pH_____
Barbital buffer
8.6
74
In protein electrophoresis,
the stains used are [4]:
Coomassie brilliant blue
Ponceau S
Amido blue
Bromphenol blue
75
In protein electrophoresis,
the charge is?
proteins are negatively charged & move toward anode
76
In protein electrophoresis,
the order of migration [fastest to slowest]
albumin
alpha-1
alpha-2
beta
gamma
77
In protein electrophoresis,
the largest fraction is the?
albumin
78
In protein electrophoresis,
buffer flow toward cathode > causes gamma region to be cathodic to the point of application
Electroendosmosis
79
In protein electrophoresis,
__________they must be concentrated first because of low protein concentration.
Urine
CSF
80
___________ this type of proteins migrate gamma region here.
Bence Jones proteins
81
In protein electrophoresis,
it has a prealbumin band
CSF
82
Acute inflammation increases what?
alpha 1, 2
83
Chronic infection increases what?
alpha 1, 2, gamma
84
Cirrhosis increases what?
beta, gamma [polyclonal]
85
Monoclonal gammopathy
sharp in 1 immunoglobulin [gamma] "M" spike
86
Polyclonal gammopathy
diffuse increase in gamma
87
Hypogammaglobulinemia
decreased in gamma
88
Nephrotic syndrome
increased in alpha 2
decreased in albumin
89
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
decreased alpha-1
90
increased in beta OR
unusual band between alpha-2, beta
Hemolyzed spx
91
extra band [fibrinogen] between beta & gamma
plasma
92
continues to be one of the most rapidly advancing areas of lab medicine
Clinical chemistry
93
is a polygot discipline combining chemistry, biochemistry, immunochemistry, endocrinology, toxicology, anachem, informatics and doubtless other specialties; necessary to support to physicians and other healthcare providers to improve the diagnosis and treatment of px
Clinical chemistry
94
means that the multiple samples are tested in a 'run'.
Batch analysis
95
means samples are tested one adter the other and results are reported in the same order
sequential analysis
96
________is a form of sequential analysis through a continuous system at a constant rate. E,g [1]
Continuous flow analysis
Autoanalyzer
97
each sample is tested in a seperate cuvette or other reaction chamber w reagents added to each individual sample container
Discrete analysis
98
uses analytical line
Single channel analysis
99
uses two or more lines or channels, each dedicated to a single test , and analysis occurs simultaneously.
Multiple-channel parallel analysis
100
spx are tested in or out of each sequence w/ each other, as reaction vessels are available and without regard to accessioning order, although testing of designated spx, such as STATS, may be given priority
random access analysis
101
are either endpoint tests [rxn is complete after a fixed time] or continuous monitoring tests [multiple data points recorded over a specified time interval]
Assays
102
Steps in automated analysis:
Sample ID used
usually by bar code reader
103
Steps in automated analysis:
Test selection used
LIS
104
In automated analysis,
Sampling used
closed-tube sampling from primary collection tubes
Some short sample + clot detection
105
Steps in automated analysis:
usually by syringes, pumps, or pressurized reagent bottles. Vitros uses ______slides.
Rgt delivery
dry
106
Steps in automated analysis:
Chemical reaction is through
Mixing & incubation
107
Steps in automated analysis:
Measurements used
Visible & UV spectrophotometry
ISE
Fluoresence polarization
Chemiluminiscence
Bioluminiscence
Automatic dilution
108
Steps in automated analysis:
Data handling
conc derived from calibration curve
109
Steps in automated analysis:
reporting
LIS through interface
110
Steps in automated analysis:
Troubleshooting
remotely by modem
111
inventor of continuous flow analyzers
Leonar Skeggs
112
In the 1956, Leonard Skeggs developed this first practical system for measuring urea, glucose, calcium
AutoAnalyzer
113
4 Main Types of automatic analyzer for processing clinical chemistry tests
Continuous flow system
Discrete Sampling Analyzers
Centrifugal Fast Analyzers
Thin-film Analyzers
114
all sample are carried through the same analysis pathway
Continuous flow system
115
all samples automatically pass from one step to another without waiting to bring the samples to the same stage of completion
Continuous flow system
116
the reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.
all reactions must be carried out until equilibrium is reached
Continuous flow system
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
117
this system has won wide acceptance in both routine and reasearch laboratories
Continuous flow system
118
Examples of Continuous flow system
Technicon Autoanalyzer II
Sequential Multiple Analyzer [SMA 6/60]
SMA [12/60]
Sequential Multiple Analyzer w/ Computer [SMAC]
119
capable of running 3 different tests at 60-80 samples per hr
Technicon Autoanalyzer ii
120
capable of running 6 tests at 60 spx per hr
SMA 6/60
121
capable of running 12 tests at 60 samples pr hr
SMA 12/60
122
capable of running 40 tests at 120 samples per hr
SMAC
123
features of continuous flow system are the use of _______ of different diameters & __________ for continuous pumping of samples/rgts.
plastic tubes
peristaltic pump
124
125
In the introduction of air bubbles in continuous flow system, its purpose is to:
--separate sample & rgt streams into ________.
--[action] one sample from next
--for continuous _______ of tubing
-- prevents ______________
segments
separate
scrubbing
cross-contamination
125
Each sample reactions is handled in separate compartment & does not come into contact w/ another sample.
Discrete sampling analyzer
125
The samples and standards are handled on a batch basis and must be brought before proceeding to the next procedure.
Discrete sampling analyzer
126
This system stimulates very closely manual procedures except that the various steps arre done automatically
Continuous flow analyzer
Discrete sampling analyzer
127
examples are:
Dupont ACA
American monitor KDA
Abbott ABA-100
ABA- 200
Beckman ASTRA 8/4
Beckman DSA 560/564
Biochromatic Analyzer
VP Analyzer
Discrete sampling analyzer
128
as the rotor is accelerated centrifugal force moves the reagents and sample to a mixing chamber and then through a small channel into the cuvette. As the filled cuvette rotates past a fixed light beam, the absorbance of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically
Centrifugal Fast analyzers
129
Examples of Centrifugal Fast Analyzers
CentrifiChem
RotoChem
130
Thin film analyzers example
Kodak-Ektachem
131
developed by Norman Anderson
Centrifugal fast analyzers
132
A 16mm square chip which contains several thin layers, accepts a metered drop of serum, spreads it evenly int a reagent layer, then confines the colored product to a fixed area for reflectance spectrophotometry.
Thin-film Analyzers
