EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 1

This is often considered the key scientific underpinning of public health practice.

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

This pivotal role of ______ was emphasized by its definition of the substance of public health as organized community efforts aimed at the intervention of disease and promotion of health, with linkages to many disciplines and a scientific core of epidemiology

Answer 2

Epidemiology

Question 3

This is the study of the health of human populations. Its functions are as follows:

Answer 3

Epidemiology

1. To discover the agent, host and environmental factors that affect health to provide the scientific basis for the prevention of disease and injury and the promotion of health;
2. To determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability and death to establish priorities for research and action;
3. To identify those sections of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health so that the indicated action may be directed appropriately; and
4. To evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving the health of the population.

Question 4

Lead and heavy metals
Air pollutants and other asthma triggers

Answer 4

Environmental exposures

Question 5

Foodborne illness
Influenza and pneumonia

Answer 5

Infectious diseases

Question 6

Increased homicides in a community
National surge in domestic violence

Answer 6

Injuries

Question 7

Localized or widespread rise in a particular type of cancer
Increase in a major birth defect

Answer 7

Non-infectious diseases

Question 8

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (2005)
Haiti earthquake (2010)

Answer 8

Natural disasters

Question 9

World Trade Center (2001)
Anthrax release (2001)

Answer 9

Terrorism

Question 10

the word ____ has its roots in the study of what befalls a population.

Answer 10

epidemiology

Question 11

The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi, meaning ___, demos, meaning ___, and logos, meaning _____.

Answer 11

on or upon

people

the study of

Question 12

This is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

Answer 12

Epidemiology

Question 13

Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with sound methods of _______ at its foundation.
Epidemiology is _____ and relies on a ____ and ____ to the collection, ______, and _____ of data.

Answer 13

scientific inquiry

data-driven

systematic and unbiased approach

analysis

interpretation

Question 14

_______ tend to rely on careful observation and use of valid comparison groups to assess whether what was observed, such as the number of cases of disease in a particular area during a particular time period of the frequency of an exposure among persons with disease. differs from what might be expected. However, epidemiology also draws on methods from other scientific fields, including (6)

Answer 14

Basic epidemiologic methods

biostatistics and informatics, with biologic, economic, social and behavioral sciences.

Question 15

Epidemiology is concerned with the_____ and ____ of health events in a population.

Answer 15

frequency

pattern

Question 16

This refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population. The resulting rate allows epidemiologists to _____

Answer 16

Frequency

compare disease occurrence across ditterent populations.

Question 17

This refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place and person. _____ may be annual, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend, or any other breakdown of time that may influence disease or injury occurrence. _____ include geographic variation, urban/rural differences. and location of work sites or of illness, injury or disability such as age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status, as well as behaviors and environmental exposures.

Answer 17

Pattern

Time patterns

Place patterns

Question 18

Characterizing health events by time, place and person are activities of ______.

Answer 18

descriptive epidemiology

Question 19

Epidemiology is also used to search for _____, which are the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events.

Answer 19

determinants

Question 20

They assume that illness does not occur randomly in a population, but happens only when the right accumulation of risks factors or determinants exists in an individual. To search for these determinants, _____ use analytic epidemiology or epidemiologic studies to provide the “Why” and “How of such events. They assess whether groups with different rates of disease differ in their demographic characteristics, genetic or immunologic make-up, behaviors, environmental exposures, or other so-called potential risk factors.

Answer 20

Epidemiologists

Question 21

Epidemiology was originally focused exclusively on ____ but was subsequently expanded to address ______ and _____.

By the middle of the 20th century, additional epidemiologic methods had been developed and applied to:

Answer 21

epidemics of communicable diseases

endemic communicable diseases and non-communicable infectious diseases

chronic diseases, injuries birth defects, maternal-child health, occupational health and environmental health.

Question 22

Epidemiologists began to look at behaviors related to health and well-being, such as amount of:

Answer 22

exercise and seatbelt use.

Question 23

Although epidemiologists and direct health-care providers (clinicians) are both concerned with ____ and _____, they differ greatly in how they view ______

Answer 23

occurrence and control of disease

“the patient.”

Question 24

The _____ is concerned about the health of an individual

Answer 24

clinician

Question 25

the _____ concerned about the collective health of the people in a community or population.

Answer 25

epidemiologist

Question 26

the clinician's "patient" is the ____; the epidemiologist's "patient" is the ____.

Answer 26

individual community

Question 27

the _____ usually focuses on treating and caring for the individual, the _____ focuses on identifying the exposure or source that caused the illness, the number of other persons who may have been similarly exposed, the potential for further spread in the community, and interventions to prevents additional cases or recurrences.

Answer 27

clinician epidemiologists

Question 28

Epidemiology is not just "the study of" health in a population; it also involves:

Answer 28

applying the knowledge gained by the studies to community-based practice.

Question 29

practice of epidemiology is both a ____ and ____

Answer 29

science and an art

Question 30

To make the proper diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment for a patient, the ______ combines medical (scientific) knowledge with experience, clinical judgement, and understanding of the patient. Similarly, the _____ used the scientific methods of descriptive and analytic epidemiology as well as experience, epidemiologic judgment and understanding of local conditions in "diagnosing" the health of a community and proposing appropriate, practical and acceptable public health interventions to control and prevent disease in the community.

Answer 30

clinician epidemiologist