Lesson 1

Question 1

Ten thousand years ago humans were—.

Answer 1

hunter-gatherers

Question 2

Hunter-gatherer humans had a short life span, but not because of epidemics; but because of—

Answer 2

their primary problem was just finding enough food to eat

Question 3

They lived and travelled in small groups and hunted and foraged for food. Their mixed diet was probably fairly balanced and nutritionally complete.

Answer 3

Hunter-gatherers

Question 4

Since they lived in small groups and moved frequently, they had few problems with accumulating waste or contaminated water or food

Answer 4

Hunter-gatherers

Question 5

Early explanations for the occurrence of disease focused on—

Answer 5

superstition, myths, and religion.

Question 6

This provided a more secure supply of food and enabled expansion of the population.

Answer 6

The Agricultural Revolution

Question 7

This was an early attempt to think about discases, not as punishment from the gods, but as an imbalance of man with the environment.

Answer 7

The Hippocratic Corpus

Question 8

This is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacteria live in the intestines of fleas and are transmitted to rats by flea bites.

Answer 8

The Bubonic Plague

Question 9

The most popular explanation for the bubonic plague.

Answer 9

Miasmas

Question 10

This is an invisible vapors that emanated from swamps or cesspools and floated around in the air, where they could be inhaled.

Answer 10

Miasmas

Question 11

This was used as a public health measure dates back to the 14th century when the Black Death ravaged Italy and the rest of Europe.

Answer 11

quarantine

Question 12

Quarantine comes from the Italian ___, meaning forty-day period.

Answer 12

quarantena

Question 13

This is separation of a person, who has the disease.

Answer 13

Isolation

Question 14

This refers to the separation of an individual who has possibly been exposed to disease.

Answer 14

Quarantine

Question 15

He made a number of observations regarding common causes of death, higher death rates in men, seasonal variation in death rates, and the fact that some diseases had relatively constant death rates, while others varied considerably.

Answer 15

John Graunt

Question 16

He estimated population size and rates of population growth, and he was the first to construct a “life table” in order to address the issue of survival from the time of birth.

Answer 16

John Graunt

Question 17

He had published “Micrographia” in 1665.

Answer 17

Robert Hooke

Question 18

He devised a compound microscope and used it to examine and describe the structure of nature on a microscopic level, including insects, feathers and plants. He discovered plant cells and coined the term “cells”.

Answer 18

Robert Hooke

Question 19

He’s the father of microscopy and made the first useful microscopes. He was the first to see bacteria, yeast protozoa, sperm cells, and red blood cells.

Answer 19

Anton van Leeuwenhoek/Leeuwenhouk

Question 20

He was a Scot who served as physician general to the British forces during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). He proposed a number of measures aimed at improving the health of soldiers including improvements in hospital ventilation and camp sanitation, proper drainage, adequate latrines, and the avoidance of marshes. He wrote expensively on the importance of hygiene to prevent typhus or “jail fever,” which was a common malady among soldiers and prisoners in jails. He also coined the term ‘influenza’.

Answer 20

John Pringle

Question 21

It is due to a deficiency in vitamin C that results in weak connective tissue and abnormally fragile capillaries that rupture easily, causing bleeding, anemia, edema, jaundice, heart failure, and death. It was a huge problem in sailors several centuries ago, because of the chronic lack of fresh fruit and vegetables during long sea voyages.

Answer 21

Scurvy

Question 22

He is a Scottish naval surgeon, suspected that citrus fruits could prevent scurvy based on some anecdotal observations.

Answer 22

James Lind

Question 23

He was a prominent Parisian physician and a strong proponent of bloodletting with leeches. He used bloodletting to treat many diseases, including cholera. It is believed that his vigorous use of bloodletting to treat victims of a cholera epidemic in Paris substantially contributed to the mortality rate.

Answer 23

Francois Broussais

Question 24

He was a contemporary of Broussais’s who believed in using numerical methods to evaluate treatment. He studied bloodletting and found it ineffective, but many dismissed his conclusions.

Answer 24

Pierre Louis

Question 25

This brought an explosion of development. There were new jobs, new goods, and increased trade. However, it also brought new problems

Answer 25

The industrial Revolution

Question 26

This was a period that saw an embrace of democracy, citizenship, reason, rationality, and the social value of intelligence (the value of information gathering). These ideas provided important underpinnings for public health.

Answer 26

The Enlightenment

Question 27

He was a Hungarian physician who practiced in the maternity department of the Vienna General Hospital in the 1840s. Postpartum sepsis (puerperal fever) was a common occurence and was almost invariably fatal. He required all attendants to wash hands with chlorinated water to control spread of infection.

Answer 27

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 28

He was an American physician, professor, lecturer, and organize respected literary author. He received his M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1836 and served as professor and chairman of anatomy and physiology at Dartmouth Medical School and later at Harvard Medical School. He advocated for medical reforms and was a strong proponent of the idea that doctors and nurses could carry puerperal fever from patient to patient. In 1843, he presented a paper entitled "The Contagiousness Of Puerperal Fever" at the Boston Society for Medical Improvement.

Answer 28

Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr.

Question 29

The father of epidemiology

Answer 29

John Snow

Question 30

He was a physician in London who spent several decades studying cholera in a systematic way. He is most often credited with solving an outbreak of cholera that occurred in London in 1854.

Answer 30

John Snow

Question 31

He proposed a new hypothesis for how cholera was transmitted. He tested this hypothesis systematically by making comparisons between groups of people. He provided evidence for an association between drinking from the Broad St. well and getting cholera. He argued for an intervention which prevented additional cases (removal of the pump handle).

Answer 31

John Snow

Question 32

This is an infectious disease that became a major threat to health during the 1800s. In the 1800s there were large epidemics of ___ in Europe and America that killed thousands of people.

Answer 32

Cholera

Question 33

It is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water.

Answer 33

Cholera

Question 34

He’s a social reformer, published a report entitled the 'Report into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain' proving that life expectancy was much lower in towns than in the countryside.

Answer 34

Sir Edwin Chadwick

Question 35

He was instrumental in creating a central public health administration that paved the way for drainage, sewers, garbage disposal, regulation of housing, and regulations regarding nuisances and offensive trades. This markable improvements in health and well-being.

Answer 35

Sir Edwin Chadwick

Question 36

He was a French biologist and chemist who made enormous contributions to germ theory, to prevention of food spoilage, and to the control of disease.

Answer 36

Louis Pasteur

Question 37

He began studying fermentation in wine and beer and rapidly concluded that microorganisms were responsible.

Answer 37

Louis Pasteur

Question 38

He also discovered that microbes in milk could be killed by heating to about 130 degrees Fahrenheit, a process which is now known as 'pasteurization".

Answer 38

Louis Pasteur

Question 39

He discovered that some microorganisms require oxygen (____), while others reproduce in the absence of oxygen (_____). (3)

Answer 39

1. Louis Pasteur 2. aerobic organisms 3. anaerobic organisms

Question 40

He pioneered the idea of artificially generating weakened microorganisms as vaccines. He was able to artificially weaken strains of anthrax and cholera in order to generate vaccines

Answer 40

Louis Pasteur

Question 41

______ work had demonstrated the principle with the naturally occurring cowpox, which could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.

Answer 41

Edward Jenner

Question 42

It is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."

Answer 42

Public health

Question 43

He defined public health as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which, will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health."

Answer 43

Charles-Edward A. Winslow

Question 44

It refers to a group of people who share a common place, experience, or interest.

Answer 44

Community

Question 45

It is a major field of study within the medical and clinical sciences which focuses on the maintenance, protection and improvement of the health status of population groups and communities as opposed to the health of individual patients. It is a distinct field of study that may be taught within a separate school of public health or environmental health

Answer 45

Community health

Question 46

The WHO defines _____ as environmental, social, and economic resources to sustain emotional and physical well-being among people in ways that advance their aspirations and satisfy their needs in their unique environment

Answer 46

community health

Question 47

It aims to reduce risk factors and increase health promotion and prevention.

Answer 47

Primary healthcare programs

Question 48

It is related to "hospital care" where acute care is administered in a hospital department setting.

Answer 48

Secondary healthcare

Question 49

It refers to highly specialized care usually involving disease or disability management.

Answer 49

Tertiary healthcare

Question 50

It is a discipline concerned with the study and improvement of the health characteristics of different communities. It tends to focus on geographical areas, and includes primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare.

Answer 50

Community health

Question 51

It includes community health. It is concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis and it incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services, environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics, public policy, insurance medicine and occupational health are other important subfields.

Answer 51

Public health

Question 52

It refers to the early avoidance and identification of risk factors that may lead to certain diseases and disabilities.

Answer 52

Primary prevention

Question 53

These are one of the most effective tools health professionals can use to greatly impact individual, population, and community health.

Answer 53

Prevention programs

Question 54

It refers to improvements made in a patient's lifestyle or environment after the onset of disease or disability. This sort of prevention works to make life easier for the patient, since it’s too late to prevent him/her from his her current disease or disability: An example of secondary prevention is when those with occupational low or a back pain are provided with strategies to stop their health status from worsening, the prospects of _____ may even hold more promise than primary prevention in this case.

Answer 54

Secondary prevention

Question 55

In ______, community health can only be affected with professional medical care involving the entire enpulation. Patients need to be referred to specialists and undergo advanced medical treatment

Answer 55

tertiary healthcare

Question 56

It deals with health from the perspective of populations

Answer 56

public health

Question 57

It deals with health from the perspective of individuals.

Answer 57

medicine

Question 58

It is the number of individuals within a population who have a particular disease at a given time.

Answer 58

Disease prevalence

Question 59

It is the number of new cases of a particular disease within a population in a given time period.

Answer 59

Disease incidence

Question 60

It tells us how widespread the disease is

Answer 60

Prevalence

Question 61

It tells us about the risk of contracting a particular disease.

Answer 61

incidence

Question 62

It is a particularly important tool for achieving public health goals because policies can reach a wide range of people

Answer 62

Health policy

Question 63

It covers a series of activities at the community level aimed at bringing about desired improvement in the social well-being of individuals, groups and neighborhoods. It is being. often used synonymous to community work, community development and community mobilization.

Answer 63

Community organization