Human Anatomy > Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Nerve
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2
Q

Epithelial tissue (2 types)

A
  1. Covering and lining
  2. Glandular

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, hollow organs, ducts, and forms glands

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3
Q

Connective tissue (functions)

A

Protects and supports the body and organs, binds organs together, stores energy as fat, provides immunity

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4
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Generates physical force needed to make body move

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Detects changes in and out of the body, transmits nerve impulses, maintains homeostasis

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6
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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7
Q

Pathologist

A

Physician who studies cell and tissue changes

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8
Q

Cell junctions

A

Tightly joined by points of contact between plasma membranes

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9
Q

Tight junction

A

Weblike strands (pearls) of transmembrane proteins

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10
Q

Adherens junction

A

Contains plaque, dense layer of protein that attaches to membrane proteins and microfilaments. Adhesion belts function like belts and encircle - resist separation during contraction.

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11
Q

Desmosomes

A

Contains plaque, transmembrane glycoproteins extend into intracellular space. Does not attach to microfilaments.

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12
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Resemble 1/2 desmosomes. Do not link to adjacent cell - attach to basement.

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13
Q

Gap junction

A

Intracellular gap. Have tiny, fluid tunnels called connexons.

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14
Q

5 general features of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Closely packed cells in sheets
  2. All have apical (free) surface (exposed to body cavity, lining of organ, or outside world.) Lateral surface (attached to each other) or basal surface (basement attachment)
  3. Avascular
  4. Have a nerve supply
  5. High capacity for renewal by cell division
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15
Q

Cell layers include (3)

A
  1. Simple - single layer, diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption.
  2. Pseudostratified - multiple layers of technically simple cells. All cells on basement level. Not all cells reach apical surface.
  3. Stratified - more than 1 layer. Protect underlying tissue in areas with wear and tear.
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16
Q

Cell shapes (4)

A
  1. Squamous - flat, thin, rapid passage of substances through them.
  2. Cuboidal - cubes, hexagons, pie shaped. May have microvilli, secretion, or absorption.
  3. Columnar - protect underlying tissues, may have cilia or microvilli. Secretion or absorption.
  4. Transitional - change shape from flat to cubiodal. Stretches and collapses.
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17
Q

Types of epithelium (11)

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cubiodal
  3. Simple columnar, ciliated
  4. Simple columnar, nonciliated
  5. Pseudostratified columnar, ciliated
  6. Pseudostratified columnar, nonciliated
  7. Stratified squamous, keratinized
  8. Stratified squamous, nonkeratinized
  9. Stratified cubiodal
  10. Stratified columnar
  11. Transitional
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18
Q

Endothelium

A

Within - lines heart, vessels, lymphatic vessels. Simple squamous epithelium.

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19
Q

Mesothelium

A

Middle - peritonium, pleura, pericardium. Epithelial layer of serous membrane.

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20
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells, centrally located nucleus. *Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion in serous membranes.

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21
Q

Simple cubiodal ephthelium

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells, centrally located nucleus. *Secretion and absorption.

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22
Q

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of column-like cells - oval nuclei near bases. Contains goblet cells and microvilli. *Secretion and absorption.

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23
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of ciliated column-like cells - oval nuclei near bases. Contains goblet cells in some locations. *Moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action.

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24
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Not a true stratified tissue. Nuclei of cells are at different levels; all attached to basement surface, but not all reach apical surface.

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25
Stratified squamous epithelium
Several layers of cells, cuboidal to columnar shape in deep levels, squamous cells form the apical layer and layers deeper. Cells from basal layer replace surface cells. \*Protection
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Two or more layers of cells in which cells in the apical layer are cube-shaped. \*Protection and limited secretion and absorption
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Stratified columnar epithelium
Several layers of irregularly shaped cells - apical layer has columnar cells. \*Protection and secretion
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Transitional epithelium
Appearance varies (transitional), shape in apical layers range from squamous (stretched) to cuboidal (relaxed) \*Permits distention
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Glandular epithelium Endocrine glands
Secretory products (hormones) diffuse into blood after passing through interstitial fluid. \*Produce hormones that regulate various body activities
30
Glandular epithelium Exocrine glands
Secretory products released into ducts. \*Produce substances such as sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes.
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Unicellular glands
Single-celled. Goblet cells are important unicellular exocrine glands.
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Multicellular glands
Many cells. Examples are sweat, oil, salivary glands.
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Merocrine glands
Also known as eccrine glands. Synthesized on ribosomes, attached to rough ER, packaged in Golgi apparatus and released in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. \*Most exocrine glands and merocrine.
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Apocrine glands
Accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell.
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Holocrine glands
Accululate secretory product in their cytosol.
36
Connective tissue types
Embryonic: * Mesenchyme * Muscous connective tissue Mature: * Loose connective tisue * Areolar * Adipose * Reticular * Dense connective tissue - * Dense regular * Dense irregular * Elastic * Cartilage * Hyaline * Fibrocartilage * Elastic * Bone tissue * Liquid connective tissue - * Blood * Lymph
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Connective tissue consists of
Cells and extracellular matrix
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Extracellular matrix
Material between widely spaced cells. Protein and ground substance. Secreted by connective tissue cells and determines the tissues quality.
39
Connective tissue cells
* Fibroblasts - large, flat cells, present in nearly all connective tissues. Most numerous. Secrete fibers/ground substance of extracellular matrix. * Macrophages - From monocytes (white blood cells), engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytes. * Plasma cells - from B lymphocytes. Secrete antibodies, proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances. Immune system. * Mast cells - Abundant alongside blood vessels. Produce histamine (dilate blood vessels as part of inflammatory reaction. Can kill bacteria. * Adipocytes - Fat cells. Store triglycerides below skin, around organs.
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Neutrophils
Gather at sites of infection
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Eosinophils
Migrate to sites of parasitic invasion and allergic response.
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Ground substance
Component of connective tissue between cells and fibers, supports cells, binds them together, and provides medium through which substances are exchanged. * Active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, and change shape. * Water and large organic molecules (polysaccharides and proteins)
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Hyaluronic acid
Viscous, slippery substance that binds, lubricates, maintains eye shape and wound repair.
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Hyaluronidase
Enzyme that breaks apart hyaluronic acid and makes ground substance watery
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Chondroitin sulfate
Support and adhesiveness in connective tissue in bone, cartilage, skin and blood vessels
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Glucosamine
Protein polysaccharide molecule \*Osteoporosis
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Fibers (3 types)
Strengthen and support connective tissues * Collagen * Elastic * Reticular
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Collagen
Very strong, not stiff, resist pulling forces, promote tissue flexibility. Tropocollagen forms collagen fibrils then hydrogen bonding forms collagen fibers (H responsible for strength) \*Most abundant protein in the body (25% of total protein)
49
Elastic
Smaller than collagen, branch and join together to form network. Proteins called elastin, surrounded by glycoprotein called fibrallin. Strong, stretchy, returns easily to original shape. Plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue.
50
Reticular
Form basement layer. Collagen fibrils and glycoprotein coating. Support blood vessel walls, around fat and nerves. Support and strength. Form stroma (framework of soft organs)
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Chondrocytes
Mature cartilage cells
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Lacunae
Hole (cellular)
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Perichondrium
Membrane. Dense, irregular connective tissue.
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Adhesions
Abnormal joining of tissues
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Fibrosis
Fibroblasts synthesize collagen - scar tissue
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Cross links
Stiffening of tissues / loss of elasticity
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Elastin (when elderly)
Thickens and fragments in places like vesels
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Atherosclerosis
Fatty tissue in arteries
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Adiposity
Too much fat
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Hyaline cartilage
Bluish-white, shiny ground substance with collagen fibers and chondrocytes. Most abundant type of cartilage. * Provides smooth surfaces for joint movement, flexibility, and support.
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Fibrocartilage
Chondocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix. * Support and join structures
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Elastic Cartilage
Chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix * Support and maintain shape
63
Connective tissue (general features)
Highly vascular (except for avascular cartilage); supplies with nerves (except for cartilage); do not usually occur on body surfaces.
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Connective tissue cells
* Fibroblasts * Macrophages * Plasma Cells * Mast Cells * Adipocytes
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Fibroblasts
Present in nearly all connective tissues' most numberous' secretes fibers and ground substance.
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Macrophages
Capable of engulfing bacterial cellular debris by phagocytes
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Plasma cells
Secrete antidotes' important in immune response
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Mast cells
Produce histamine (dilates small blood vessels); can kill bacteria
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Marfan syndrome
Genetic, caused by a defective fibrillin gene, poorly formed elastic fibers.
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Mesenchyme
Enbryonic. Irregular mesenchymal cells in semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers. * Forms all other types of connective tissue.
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Mucous connective tissue
Widely scattered fibroblasts in viscous, jelly-like ground substance with collagen fibers. (Enbryonic) * Support
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Areolar connective tissue (Loose)
(Mature) Consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), several cell types, all embedded in semifluid ground substance. * Strength, elasticity, and support ***"Packing material"***
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Adipose tissue (Loose)
(Mature) Consists of adipocytes as large centrally located droplet, nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located. * Reduces heat loss through skin, energy reserve, supports, protects
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Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose)
Network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells. * Forms stroma of some organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Dense)
Extracellular matrix (shiny white) Collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles. Fibroblasts are in tows between bundles. * Strong attachment betrwwen various structures.
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Elastic Connective Tissue
Predominantly elastic fibers. Fibroblasts are in spaces between fibers. * Allows stretching of various organs.
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Apocrine glands
Accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell. * Apex is pinched off.
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Holocrine glands
Accumulate secretory product in the cytosol. * Rupture - whole cell is released.
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Connective tissue types
Embryonic * Mesenchyme * Mucous connective tissue Mature * Loose * Areolar * Adipose * Reticular * Dense * Dense regular * Dense irregular * Elastic * Cartilage * Hyaline * Fibrocartilage * Elastic * Bone tissue * Liquid Connective Tissue * Blood * Lumph
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Parietal layer
attached to cavity wall
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Visceral layer
attaches to organs within cavities
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Serous cavity
does not open to the outside
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Adipocytes
Fat cells. Store triglycerides.
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Fibers
Strengthen and support connective tissues
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3 types of fibers
* Collagen * Elastic * Reticular
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General features of connective tissue
* Do not usually occur on body surfaces * Highly vascular (except cartilage) * Supplied with nerves (except cartilage)
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Thixotropy
Gels become more fluid when warmed
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Massage for elderly
Fascia thickens with age; hardening of tissues with age and sednetary lifestyle; more hydrogen bonds
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New cells originate by cell division from \_\_\_\_\_
The stroma
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Parenchyma
Cells that constitute the functioning part of the tissue or organ
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Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that replace lost/damaged cells.
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Extracellular matrix
Material between widely spaced cells. Protein and ground substance. Secreted by connective tissue cells and determines the tissue's quality.
93
Neutrophils
Gather at sites of infection
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Eosinophils
Migrate to sites of parasitic invasion ans allergic response

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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