Epithelial Tissue Part 2, Cellular Pathology, CT (Exam 1) Flashcards
1
Q
Where do glands develop from?
A
covering epithelia
2
Q
____________ glands remain connected to the surface epithelia
A
Exocine
3
Q
_____________ glands lose the connection to their original epithelium and therefore lack ducts
A
Endocrine
(endocrine glands synthesize, store, and secrete, BUT they do not have a free surface)
4
Q
Endocrine glands attract blood vessels to the surface. Capillaries are the smallest vessels and are the exchange vessels. This results in the hormones/chemical messangers going on a systemic trip through the body. What is the attraction of blood vessels called?
A
angiogenesis
5
Q
What are the 2 big categories from structural classes of exocrine glands?
A
1) simple glands (ducts do not branch)
2) compound glands (ducts from several secretory units converge into larger ducts)
6
Q
What are the 5 types of simple exocrine glands?
A
1) simple tubular
2) branched tubular
3) coiled tubular
4) acinar (or alveolar)
5) branched acinar
7
Q
What are the 3 types of compound exocrine glands?
A
1) tubular
2) acinar (alveolar)
3) tubuloacinar
8
Q
What are the 2 types of glandular epithelia?
A
endocrine glands and exocrine glands!
9
Q
Endocrine glands secrete/release hormones into the blood, which is systemic and causes wide spread effects into the ______________. This is because endocrine glands have no ducts.
A
interstitial fluid
10
Q
Exocrine glands produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts. The secretions are released ___________ onto a surface
A
locally
11
Q
What are the 3 main mechanisms of how cells release contents onto surface for exocrine glands?
A
1) merocrine
2) holocrine
3) apocrine
12
Q
Merocrine secretion releases products, usually containing proteins by the means of ___________ at the apical end of the secretory cells
A
exocytosis
(release contents w/o a membrane)
13
Q
Are most exocrine glands merocrine, holocrine, or apocrine glands?
A
most are merocrine glands!
14
Q
Exocrine glands with merocrine secretion can be further categorized as either _________ or _________
A
serous (water contents), mucous (opaque contents of solids, proteins, lipids, carbs, etc)
15
Q
Holocrine secretion is produced by the __________________ of the secretory cells themselves as they complete their terminal differentiation, which involves becoming fluid with product. Sebaceous (oil) glands of hair follicles are the best example of holocrine glands
A
disintegration
16
Q
Apocrine secretion involves loss of ___________________________________, usually containing one ore more lipid droplets. Products accumulates at the cells apical ends, portions of which are then pinched off to release the product surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm and cell membrane.
A
membrane enclosed apical cytoplasm
17
Q
What 2 types of secretion are both seen in mammary glands?
A
apocrine and merocrine secretion
18
Q
Where is apocrine secretion usually found?
A
mammary glands, axillary region, groin region
19
Q
What is pathology?
A
study of disease
20
Q
What are the 4 adaptations we went over in class for cells?
A
-hyperplasia
-hypertrophy
-atrophy
-metaplasia
21
Q
Changes to a cell can be either physiologic or pathologic. What is the difference?
A
physiologic= cells will adapt to stay alive (functional change)
pathologic= lead to disease state (disease causing change)
22
Q
What is hyperplasia?
A
increase in the number of cells
23
Q
What is physiologic hyperplasia?
A
increase in the number of cells
occurs due to a normal/functional stressor/demand
ex: increase in the size of breasts due to pregnancy or increase in thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle
24
Q
What is pathologic hyperplasia?
A
increase in the number of cells
occurs due to abnormal stressor
ex: growth of adrenal glands due to production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary adenoma, or proliferation of endometrium due to prolonged estrogen stimulus
25
Only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia, therefore, hyperplasia of the ____________ in the heart and neurons in the brain does not occur
myocytes
26
What is hypertrophy?
increase in the size of a cell
27
What is physiologic hypertrophy?
increase in the size of a cell
occurs due to normal stressor
ex: enlargement of skeletal muscle with exercise (weight training)
28
What is pathologic hypertrophy?
increase in the size of a cell
occurs due to an abnormal stressor
ex: increase in the size of the heart due to aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is due to a change in the aortic valve, which obstructs the orifice, resulting in the left ventricle working harder to pump blood into the aorta (ventricular hypertrophy will occur and cause walls to thicken to pump more)
29
What is atrophy?
decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size
30
What is physiologic atrophy?
decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size
occurs due to normal stressor
ex: decrease in the size of the uterus after pregnancy
31
What is pathologic atrophy?
decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size
occurs due to an abnormal stressor
atrophy is due to the loss of stimulus to the organ such as loss of blood supply or nerve innervation, loss of endocrine stimulus, disuse, mechanical compression, decreased workload, aging, or starvation
32
Atrophy occurs in a once normally developed organ, If the organ was never a normal size because it did not develop properly, the condition is called....
hypoplasia
33
Is there a physiologic reason for metaplasia?
no, it is only pathologic!!!
34
What is metaplasia?
change of epithelium at a site, or location, from one type of epithelium to another type
the epithelium is normal in appearance but is in an abnormal location
35
In metaplasia, the epithelium normally present at a site cannot handle the new environment so it converts it to a type of epithelium that can adapt. What are the 2 examples we talked about in class?
1) barrett esophagus is due to reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, which causes the epithelium type to convert from stratified squamous to simple columnar or glandular (this is almost always a precursor for stomach cancer)
2) squamous metaplasia in the lungs is due to exposure of respiratory epithelium to toxins in cigarettes or other smoke (lungs are simple squamous but can change into simple cuboidal and eventually stratified)
36
What is cell injury?
when cells cannot adapt to their new environment
37
What are some causes of cell injury?
-hypoxia (decreased oxygen)
-ischemia (decreased blood flow)
-physical and chemical agents
-trauma
-infectious agents
-radiation
-toxins
-metabolic abnormalities (genetic or acquired)
-immune dysfunction (autoimmune)
-aging
-nutritional imbalances
note: you do not need to memorize all of these, the first 2 are most important
38
What are the 2 most common sources of cellular injury?
Hypoxia and ischemia
39
Is hypoxia or ischemia more damaging?
ischemia
ischemia is more damaging bc it involves hypoxia PLUS a lack of other nutrients and an accumulation of toxic cellular metabolites
40
In general, decreased oxygen results in decreased production of....
ATP
41
What is normally required by the Na+/K+ pump and Ca+2 pump? What happens when levels decrease?
ATP
When ATP levels decrease, these pumps fail and sodium along with water enters the cell, causing swelling
cells switch to anaerobic respiration to produce ATP, which results in accumulation of lactic acid (this decreases the cellular pH)
decreased pH causes disaggregation of ribosomes from ER and can cause the enzyme to denature
42
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
this is where the cellular process ends at the nucleus and results in a clean self destruction
when apoptosis is happening, the nucleus will be condensed and fragmented w/ no inflammatory reaction will be elicited as long as the cell undergoes the programmed cell death
examples:
-during growth and development, some cells serve a function in the growth phase but need to be removed after their purpose is fulfilled
-when DNA sustains irreparable damage such as after low dose radiation exposure, the cell must be destroyed so that mutations that have been developed will not be propagated. In this manner, apoptosis serves as a safety step by removing damaged cells from the body
43
There are multiple pathways by which apoptosis is initiated. What are the 2 pathways we talked about in class?
extracellular and intracellular pathways
both share similar endpoints, culminating w/ the use of caspases and prevention of inflammatory reactions
44
Necrosis is a term used to describe uncontrolled death of cells due to one of various causes of cellular injury. Does necrosis have a local or systemic effect?
starts off locally and can lead into systemic if not treated properly
45
What are the 2 main types of necrosis?
1) coagulative necrosis
2) liquefactive necrosis
46
Is this coagulative or liquefactive necrosis?
protein denaturation is more prominent than enzymatic breakdown
coagulative necrosis
47
Is this coagulative or liquefactive necrosis?
occurs in situations in which enzymatic breakdown is more prominent than protein denaturation or in organs that lack a substantial protein rich matrix (lipid rich organs such as the brain)
liquefactive necrosis
48
Substances can accumulate in cells as a result of damage to the cell, or they can accumulate in the cells as the result of an ____________ abnormality in metabolic functions
intrinsic
49
Substances that commonly accumulate in cells are....
-lipofuscin (wear and tear pigment)
-calcium
-protein
-iron
-fat
-cholesterol
-glycogen
-pigments
50
What tissue is the most widespread throughout the body?
connective tissue
51
What tissue connects the epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)?
connective tissue
52
What tissue provides structure with bones?
connective tissue
53
What tissue stores energy through fat (adipose tissue)?
connective tissue
54
What tissue transports materials through blood?
connective tissues
55
What tissue has no contact with the outside environment (during homeostasis)?
connective tissue
56
What are the 3 rules/characteristics of connective tissue?
1) specialized cells (named cells)
2) solid extracellular protein fibers (between the cells, no cell-cell contact)
3) fluid extracellular ground substance
57
What makes up the matrix in connective tissue?
protein fibers and ground substance (extracellular components)
58
What is the major constituent of connective tissue?
the extracellular matrix
59
The matrix in connective tissue consists of different combinations of protein fibers (collagen and elastic fibers) and ground substance. Ground substance is a complex of anionic, hydrophilic proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and multi-adhesive glycoproteins (__________)
laminin
60
What determines specialized function in connective tissue?
the matrix
61
What are the 3 types/classifications of connective tissue?
1) connective tissue proper (connect and protect)
2) fluid connective tissues (transport)
3) supportive/structural connective tissues (structural strength)
62
Which connective tissue type are the fibers very prominent and can be seen in pictures/on microscope as lines?
connective tissue proper
63
What are the 2 subcategories of connective tissue proper?
loose CT and dense CT
64
What CT type has more ground substance and less fibers? For example, fat (adipose tissue)
loose CT proper
65
What CT type has more fibers and less ground substance? For example, tendons (connect m. to b.)
jam-packed fibers= dense CT proper
66
What are the 9 cells types within CT?
1) fibroblasts
2) fibrocytes
3) macrophages
4) adipocytes
5) mesenchymal cells
6) melanocytes
7) mast cells
8) lymphocytes
9) microphages
67
What cells are found in CT proper?
-fibroblasts
-fibrocytes
-macrophages
-adipocytes
-mesenchymal cells
-melanocytes
-mast cells
-lymphocytes
-microphages
(all 9 of the cells types in CT!)
68
What is the most abundant cell type found in all connective tissue proper?
fibroblasts
69
What cells secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)?
fibroblasts
70
Fibroblasts are young, active cells that differentiate into....
fibrocytes
71
Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement) from the surface. What is being made here?
the matrix!
72
What is the second most abundant cell type found in all connective tissue proper?
fibrocytes
73
What cells maintain the matrix fibers of connective tissue proper?
fibrocytes
74
Which cells are phagocytic?
macrophages
75
Macrophages are large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system that eat pathogens and destroy cells. What are fixed macrophages? What are free macrophages?
fixed macrophages= stay in the tissue
free macrophages- migrate
76
What do adipocytes store in each cell?
a single large fat (lipid) droplet
77
Stem cells produce 2 cells. For what?
1 cell to differentiate, and the other for self-renewal
78
Stem cells are capable of _____________
self renewal
79
What are the stem cells of CT?
mesenchymal cells
80
Mesenchymal cells are stem cells that respond to ____________ or ____________
injury, infection
81
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into what cells?
fibroblasts or macrophages (usually)
82
What cells synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin?
melanocytes
83
Where is melanin found in the body?
the epidermis and in the iris of eyes
84
What cells stimulate inflammation after injury or infection by releasing histamine and heparin (leading to systemic effects)?
mast cells (they travel in blood)
note: basophils are leukocytes (WBCs) that also contain histamine and heparin but these are not found in CT
85
What cells are specialized immune cells in the lymphoid/lymphatic system?
lymphocytes
for example, lymphocytes may develop into plasma cells (plasmocytes) that produce antibodies
86
Microphages are smaller than macrophages but are more specific. They are phagocytic blood cells that respond to signals from who?
macrophages and mast cells
for example, neutrophils and eosinophils are microphages
87
What fibers are the most common protein fibers in CT proper?
collagen fibers
88
Which fibers are long, straight, and unbranched protein molecules?
collagen fibers (they're also packed tightly)
89
Which fibers are very strong and flexible?
collagen fibers
90
Which fibers resist force in one direction?
collagen fibers
91
Collagen synthesis occurs in many cell types but is a speciality of.....
fibroblasts
92
A family of ____ collagens exists in vertebrates, numbered in the order they were identified
28
93
What is the most abundant protein in the human body, representing 30% of its dry weight?
collagen
94
T/F: because there are so many steps in collagen biosynthesis, there are many points at which the process can be interrupted or changed by defective enzymes or by disease processes
true!
95
What fibers are a network (mesh-like, or spider web like) of interwoven thin fibers (stroma)?
reticular fibers
96
What fibers are supportive for cells, strong and flexible, and resist force in many directions?
reticular fibers
97
What fibers stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures?
reticular fibers
98
What fibers contain 10% carbohydrates, often silver-stained and appear black?
reticular fibers
99
Fibroblasts specialized for reticular fiber production in hematopoietic and lymphoid organs are often called....
reticular cells (fibroblasts that make reticular fibers)
100
What fibers are thinner than type I collagen fibers, form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs?
elastic fibers
101
Elastic fibers contain elastin and...
fibrillin
102
What fibers are branched and wavy?
elastic fibers
103
What fibers have rubber-like properties that allow tissues containing these fibers to be stretched or distended?
elastic fibers
104
Elastic fibers contain elastin and fibrillin. Fibrillins comprise a family of proteins involved in making the scaffolding necessary for the deposition of __________. Mutations in the fibrillin genes result in Marfan syndrome, a disease characterized by a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers
elastin
105
Ground substance of the ECM is a hydrated (large water composition), transparent, and complex mixture of 3 major kinds of macromolecules. What are they?
1) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
2) proteoglycans
3) multi-adhesive glycoproteins
106
Ground substance fills the space between cells and fibers in ___________ tissue
connective
107
Ground substance allows diffusion of....
small molecules
108
Ground substance is viscous and acts as a lubricant/barrier to the penetration of...
invaders (pathogens)
109
Edema is the excessive accumulation of ________________ in CT. This water comes from blood, passing through the capillary walls that become more permeable during inflammation and normally produces at least slight swelling
interstitial fluid
110
What are the packing materials of the body?
loose CT
111
What are the 3 types of loose CT (adults only)?
1) areolar
2) adipose
3) reticular
112
CT proper is broadly classified as loose or dense, that refer to the amount of ___________ present
collagen
113
Loose CT is common, forming a layer beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling the spaces between fibers of....
muscle and nerve
114
What type of loose CT proper fills spaces and supports epithelia?
areolar
115
What type of loose CT proper typically contains cells, fibers, and ground substance in roughly equal parts. The most numerous cells are fibroblasts (these cells make the matrix)?
areolar
116
What type of loose CT proper has collagen fibers that predominate, but elastic and reticular fibers are all present (has 3 kinds of fiber!)
areolar
117
What type of loose CT proper is flexible but not very resistant to stress?
areolar
118
What tissue is this?
loose CT proper- areolar
119
Which loose CT proper type is the least specialized?
areolar
120
Which loose CT proper type has an open framework and viscous (flowy/thick) ground substance?
areolar
121
Which loose CT proper type has some elastic fibers and holds blood vessels and capillary beds (under the skin at the subcutaneous layer)?
areolar
122
What is the full name for reticular tissue?
loose CT proper- reticular tissue
123
In reticular tissue, you can only clearly see....
reticular fibers
124
Reticular tissue is characterized by abundant fibers of ___________________ forming a delicate network that supports various types of cells
type III collagen
125
Reticular tissue is characterized by abundant fibers of type III collagen forming a delicate network that supports various types of cells. The collagen is also known as ____________ and is produced by modified fibroblasts often called reticular cells
reticulin
126
What CT proper type is a complex- 3D network of interstitial fluid and lymph can pass through (the supportive fibers are called stroma)?
reticular tissues
127
What are the reticular organs?
-spleen
-liver
-lymph nodes
-bone marrow
128
Adipose tissue contains many.....
adipocytes
129
What are the 2 types of adipose tissue?
white and brown fat
130
What type of fat is most common?
white fat
131
What type of fat stores fat, absorbs shocks, and slows heat loss (insulation)?
white fat
132
What type of fat is more vascularized?
brown fat
133
What type of fat has adipocytes with lots of mitochondria for metabolism?
brown fat
134
What type of fat do infants/kids have more of? Does this change when they get older?
infants/kids have more brown fat and then as they age it gets converted to white fat
135
What type of fat is stimulated by the nervous system to break down fat and release energy? The energy is absorbed from surrounding tissues
brown fat
136
Adipocytes are active cells metabolically, responding to both _____________ and ______________ stimuli
nervous, hormonal (endocrine)
(when adipocytes are stimulated by nerves or various hormones, stored lipids are mobilized and cells release fatty acids and glycerol)
137
Tissues rich in fat conducts heat ________ and provides thermal insulation for the body
poorly
138
Do adipocytes divide in adults?
no, they expand to store fat and shrink as fats are released
mesenchymal cells divide and differentiate to produce more fat cells when more storage is needed
139
What are the 3 types of dense CT proper?
1) dense regular CT
2) dense irregular CT
3) elastic CT
140
What dense CT proper type has bundles of parallel type I collagen tightly packed?
dense regular CT proper
141
Which dense CT proper type provides great strength and little stretch in binding together components of the musculoskeletal system?
dense regular CT proper
142
What do tendons attach?
muscles to bones
143
What do ligaments attach?
bone to bone (stabilize organs)
144
What is aponeuroses?
attach tendon sheaths to large, flat muscles
145
What dense CT proper type is filled with randomly (messy) distributed bundles of type I collagen, with some elastic fibers?
dense irregular CT proper
146
Which dense CT proper type provides resistance to tearing and stress from all directions as well as some elasticity?
dense irregular CT proper
147
Where can you find dense irregular CT proper?
deep dermis layer of the skin and capsules surrounding most organs
148
What tissues are these?
A (left)= ?
C (right side)= ?
149
Where can you find dense elastic CT proper?
-elastic ligaments of spinal vertebrae
-ligamentum nuchae (back of the neck)
-wall of the aorta
150
Is ground substance water based?
yes
151
What type of CT has a watery matrix of dissolved proteins and can carry specific cell types (formed elements)?
fluid CT
152
Blood is a specialized CT consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material called.....
plasma
153
Blood is a distributing vehicle, transporting ___________, ______________, metabolites, hormones, and other substances to cells throughout the body
oxygen, carbon dioxide
154
Plasma is an aqueous solution of pH _______, the dissolved components are mostly plasma proteins, but also include nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions collectively called electrolytes
7.35
155
What are the 2 types of fluid CT?
blood or lymph
156
Where is lymph collected from?
interstitial space (ECF of CT)
157
Lymph is monitored by what body system?
immune system
158
Lymph is transported by the lymphoid/lymphatic system and contains lymphocytes but is returned to the.....
venous system
159
Supportive CT supports soft tissues and....
body weight
160
What are the 2 types of supportive/structural CT?
cartilage and bone
161
Do structural CT have a lot of cells?
no, cartilage contains only 1-2% of cells and bone is 2%
162
What type of ground substance is found in cartilage? What is the purpose?
gel-type ground substance
used for shock absorption and protection
163
Bone is calcified tissue. What does this mean?
bone is made rigid by calcium salts and minerals for weight support
164
Cartilage is a tough, durable form of supporting tissue, characterized by an ECM of high concentrations of _________ and __________________, interacting with collagen and elastic fibers (these fibers wont be visible)
GAGs, proteoglycans
165
Cartilage consists of cells called ___________________ embedded in the ECM (cartilage contains no other cell types)
chondrocytes
chondro= cartilage
166
Chondrocytes synthesize and maintain all ECM components and are localized in the matrix cavities called....
lacunae
167
Cartilage has a semirigid consistency. The high content of bound ________ allows cartilage to serve as a shock absorber
water
168
All types of cartilage lack vascular supplies and chondrocytes recieve nutrients by diffusion from capillaries in surrounding connective tissue. Does this mean cartilage can repair quickly or slowly?
slowly!
169
Cells in avascular tissue, like chondrocytes will exhibit what type of metabolic activity?
low metabolic activity/metabolically inactive
note: cartilage is avascular but also lack nerves
170
What are the 3 types of adult cartilage?
1) hyaline cartilage (when in doubt= choose hyaline)
2) elastic
3) fibrocartilage
171
What is the most common cartilage type?
hyaline cartilage
172
Which cartilage is homogenous and semitransparent in the fresh state?
hyaline
173
The dry weight of hyaline cartilage is nearly _____% collagen embedded in a firm hydrated gel of proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins
40
174
Chondrocytes occupy relatively ______ of the hyaline cartilage mass
little
175
Except in the articular cartilage (articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage) of joints, all hyaline cartilage is covered by a layer of dense CT, the _________________, which is essential for the growth and maintenance of cartilage because blood vessels are here. It is still, flexible, and reduces friction between bones (smooth like glass)
perichondrium
peri= outside
176
What are the general locations of the 3 cartilages?
177
Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage except it contains an abundant network of elastic fibers in addition to...
a meshwork of collagen
178
Which cartilage type is supportive but bends easily?
elastic
179
Which cartilage type is found in the auricle of the external ear and the epiglottis?
elastic cartilage
180
Which cartilage type takes various forms in different structures but is essentially a mingling of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue?
fibrocartilage
181
Which cartilage type is a tough, yet supportive tissue for bone?
fibrocartilage
fibrocartilage is very similar to bone BUT it has chondrocytes instead of osteocytes
182
Which cartilage type limits movement, prevents bone-bone contact, and pads knee joints?
fibrocartilage
183
Which cartilage type is found in the pubic symphysis and IVD?
fibrocartilage
184
What is this?
hyaline cartilage
185
What is this?
fibrocartilage
186
What is this?
elastic cartilage
187
What is this?
hyaline cartilage
188
What is this?
fibrocartilage
189
What is this?
elastic cartilage
190
What is the proper name for bone tissue?
osseous tissue
191
Bone is a specialized CT composed of calcified extracellular material, the bone matrix, and the following 3 major cell types=
1) osteoblasts (young cells)
2) osteocytes
3) osteoclasts (dissolve matrix/destructive cells)
all 3 of these come from osteoprogenitor cells
192
What nutrient source keeps bones alive/dynamic?
calcium and phosphate
193
Bone tissues provides solid support for the body, protects vital organs such as those in the cranial and thoracic cavities, and encloses internal (____________) cavities containing bone marrow where blood cells are formed
medullary
194
Osseous/bone tissue serves as a reservoir of....
calcium and phosphate
195
What tissue is strong and calcified with calcium salt deposits, and resists shattering/tears due to extremely flexible collagen fibers?
osseous tissue
196
What cells arrange around central canals of the matrix and small channels (lacunae) through the matrix (canaliculi) to access blood supply?
osteocytes
197
What is the most superficial layer of bone?
periosteum (covers bone surfaces)
198
What are the 2 layers of periosteum?
fibrous and cellular layer (both can repair itself as needed)
199
There are 2 types of bone based on histological features. What are they?
1) compact bone (always close to surface)
2) spongy bone or cancellous bone (allows center of bones to have medullary cavities where yellow and red bone marrow live)
200
Gross observation of bone in cross section shows a dense area near the surface corresponding to compact (____________) bone, which represents 80%, and deeper areas with numerous interconnecting cavities, called cancellous (____________________) bone, consisting about 20% of total bone mass
cortical, trabecular/spongy
201
What is the lacuna?
space around the osteocytes (white space in photos), or also known as the space between the lamella
202
What are canaliculi?
crack/space in the matrix for osteocytes to sit (canal that connects lacunae)
203
What is an osteon?
one functional unit (circle, looks like tree rings)
204
What is circumferential lamellae?
wraps around the circumference of bone (all the osteons together)
205
What is concentric lamellae?
wraps around each osteon
206
What is the central canal?
holds the blood supply for the osteon (red= artery, blue= vein)
207
What is periosteum?
fibrous, dense CT that covers osseous tissue and always has 2 layers
it is just outside of the circumferential lamellae
208
What is trabeculae?
spongy bone (arches, projections, matrix, open space network)
209
What is this?
structural/supportive CT- osseous tissue
210
What is this?
loose CT proper -areolar tissue
theres lines= protein fibers
theres all 3 fibers present and more than one cell type = areolar
211
What is this?
structural CT- hyaline cartilage
lacunae present = has to be either bone or cartilage
homogenous = hyaline cartilage
212
What is this?
transitional epithelium
theres free space
some type of stratified epithelia
nuclei staggered
basal lamina present
213
What is this?
simple cuboidal epithelium
theres free space, basal lamina present
214
What is this?
loose CT proper- adipose tissue
looks like clouds, only a few nuclei present
215
What is this?
simple cuboidal epithelium
free space present
216
What is this?
dense regular CT proper
collagen fibers present means that theres protein fibers in matrix, so its CT proper, it is also dense and neat
no lacunae, so its not fibrocartilage
the dark purple cells are differing shapes
217
What is this?
fluid CT- blood
theres different types of cells, no cell-cell contact
218
What is this?
note: theres multiple tissues here
219
What is this?
loose CT proper- reticular tissue
one type of fiber here, the black lines look webbed = reticular
loose tissue, not packed in
220
What is this?
dense irregular CT proper
hot mess, dense
221
What is this?
stratified cuboidal epithelium
222
What is this?
structural CT- fibrocartilage
lacunae present, not homogeneous
223
What is this?
structural CT- osseous tissue
