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Histology & Embryology > Muscle Tissue & Neural Tissue (quiz 3) > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue & Neural Tissue (quiz 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue is composed of cells that optimize the universal cell property of…

A

contractility

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2
Q

Actin microfilaments and associated proteins generate the forces necessary for ____________ contraction. This drives movement within organ systems, or blood, and of the body as a whole.

A

muscle

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3
Q

Muscle cells are of ____________ origin and differentiate by a gradual process of cell lengthening

A

mesodermal

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4
Q

The 3 types of muscle tissue can be distinguished on the basis of morphologic and functional characteristics. What are the 3 types?

A

-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac

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5
Q

Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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6
Q

Skeletal/striated muscle consists of muscle fibers, which are long cylindrical, __________________ cells/fibers

A

multinucleated

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7
Q

During muscle development, myoblasts fuse forming __________ with many nuclei

A

myotubes

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8
Q

What is the stem cell of muscle tissue?

A

satellite cell (helps form new muscle fibers as needed)

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9
Q

Thin layers of _____________ tissue surround and organize the contractile fibers in skeletal muscle

A

connective

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10
Q

An entire skeletal muscle is enclosed within a thick layer of dense CT called the ___________ that is continuous with fascia and the tendon binding muscle to bone

A

epimysium

epi- = outside

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11
Q

Large muscles contain several fascicles (bundles of fibers/cells) of muscle tissue, each wrapped in a thin but dense CT layer called the _____________

A

perimysium

peri- = around

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12
Q

Within fascicles, individual muscle fibers (elongated multinuclear cells) are surrounded by a delicate connective tissue layer, the ________________

A

endomysium

endo- = inner/inside

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13
Q

The epimysium is an external sheath of dense irregular CT, surrounding the entire muscle. __________ of this tissue extends inward, carrying the larger nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics of the muscle

A

Septa

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14
Q

The perimysium is a thin CT layer that immediately surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers termed a…

A

fascicle

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15
Q

Within fascicles, there is a very thin, delicate layer of reticular fibers and scattered fibroblasts, the _________________ surrounds the external lamina of individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are composed mainly of….

A

myofibrils

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17
Q

Each myofibril extends the length of the fiber and is surrounded by parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER). What is stored here?

A

calcium

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18
Q

The membrane of myofibrils is called the sarcolemma and it extends into the cytoplasm as….

A

T-tubules

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19
Q

What is the organization of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest?

A

-epimysium
-perimysium
-fascicle
-endomysium
-fibril = cytoskeleton (also known as myofibril)

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20
Q

Longitudinally sectioned skeletal muscle fibers show ____________ of alternating light and dark bands

A

striations

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21
Q

The sarcoplasm is highly organized, containing primarily long cylindrical filament bundles called ____________ that run parallel to the long axis of the fiber. Mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum are found between myofibrils

A

myofibrils

(myofibrils consist of an end-to end repetitive arrangement of sarcomeres)

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22
Q

Each muscle fiber contains several parallel bundles called….

A

myofibrils

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23
Q

Each myofibril consists of a long series of sarcomeres, separated by…..

A

Z discs

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24
Q

Thin filaments are __________ filaments. Thick filaments are __________ filaments

A

actin, myosin

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25
Q

The sarcomere produces staining differences which cause the dark and light staining bands to be seen by light microscopy and is therefore termed…..

A

striated

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26
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

during contraction, neither thick or thin filaments change their length. Contraction occurs as the overlapping thin and thick filaments of each sarcomere slide past one another

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27
Q

There are different types of skeletal muscle fibers. The different fibers can be identified on the basis of…

A

1) their maximal rate of contraction (fast or slow fibers)
2) their major pathway for ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis)

Ex: skeletal muscles such as those that move the eyes and eyelids need to contract rapidly, while those for bodily posture must maintain tension for longer periods while resisting fatigue

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28
Q

Slow oxidative (SO) or _____________ fibers have high levels of acidic ATPase activity and stain the darkest

A

type 1

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29
Q

Fast glycolytic (FG) or _____________ fibers stain the lightest

A

type 2b

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30
Q

Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) or __________ fibers are intermediate between type 1/2b

A

type 2a

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31
Q

________________________ muscle fibers are adapted for slow contractions over long periods without fatigue, having many mitochondria, surrounding capillaries, and myoglobin, all these features that make fresh tissue rich in these fibers dark or red in color

A

Slow oxidative

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32
Q

________________ fibers are specialized for rapid, short-term contraction, having few mitochondria or capillaries and depending largely on anaerobic metabolism of glucose derived from stored glycogens, features which make such fibers appear white. Rapid contractions lead to rapid fatigue as lactic acid produced by glycolysis accumulates

A

Fast glycolytic

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33
Q

_____________________ fibers have physiological and histological features intermediate between those of slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers

A

Fast oxidative-glycolytic

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34
Q

What is another name for mature cardiac muscle cells?

A

cardiomyocytes

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35
Q

Mature cardiac muscle cells have a striated banding pattern comparable to that of skeletal muscle. Unlike skeletal muscle, each cardiac muscle cell usually only has _______________.

A

1 nucleus

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36
Q

Cardiac muscle is surrounded in delicate sheath of __________________ with a rich capillary network (densely innervated w/ blood supply)

A

endomysium

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37
Q

A unique characteristic of cardiac muscle is the presence of transverse lines that cross the fibers where the myocardial cells join. These are called _____________________ and consist of many junctional complexes. The discs are full of ________________ and fascia adherens junctions which together provide strong intercellular adhesion. There are also gap junctions, which provide ionic continuity between the cells (a syncytium)

A

intercalated discs, desmosomes

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38
Q

Cardiac muscle cells within one fiber often branch and join with cells in ____________ fibers. The tightly knit bundles of cells are interwoven in spiraling layers that give a wave of contraction that squeezes the ventricles

A

adjacent

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39
Q

The structure and function of the contractile apparatus in cardiac muscle cells are essentially the same as in….

A

skeletal muscle (sarcomeres)

40
Q

In cardiac muscle, mitochondria occupies up to ______% of the cell volume, higher than in slow oxidative skeletal muscle fibers. ______________ are the major fuel of the heart and are stored as triglycerides in small lipid droplets

A

40, Fatty acids

41
Q

In cardiac muscle, T-tubules in ventricular muscle fibers are well-developed, with large lumens and penetrate the sarcoplasm, while in atrial muscle, T-tubules are….

A

much smaller

42
Q

Cardiac muscle fiber contraction is _____________ and ________________

A

intrinsic, spontaneous

43
Q

Impulses for contraction/heart beat are initiated, regulated, and coordinated by nodes of myocardial fibers called….

A

conducting cells

44
Q

Cells or fibers of smooth muscle are long, __________ structures with elongated nuclei centrally located at the cells widest part

A

tapering

45
Q

Which muscle tissue is this?

The cells stain uniformly along their lengths, and close packing is achieved with the narrow ends of each cell adjacent to the broad parts of neighboring cells. The cells are linked by numerous gap junctions

A

smooth muscle!

uniform= non-striated

46
Q

Smooth muscle is specialized for what?

A

slow, steady contraction under the influence of autonomic nerves and hormones

47
Q

Smooth muscle is a major component of…..

A

-blood vessels
-digestive tract
-respiratory tract
-urinary tract
-reproductive tract

48
Q

Fibers of smooth muscle also called visceral muscle are unstriated cells, each of which is enclosed by an external lamina and a network of type I and type III collagen fibers comprising the….

A

endomysium

49
Q

In most of the digestive tract and certain similar structures, smooth muscle is organized into 2 layers which contract in a coordinated manner to produce a wave that moves the tracts contents in a process termed…..

A

peristalsis

50
Q

Most molecules that allow contraction are similar in the 3 types of muscle, but the contractile filaments of ___________ muscle are oriented at oblique angles to the long axis of the cell, resulting in a twisting of the smooth muscle cells during contractions

A

smooth

51
Q

In smooth muscle, where do thin filaments attach to?

A

dense bodies (located on cell membrane, deep in cytoplasm)

52
Q

In smooth muscle cells, bundles of thin and thick myofilaments crisscross the sarcoplasm _______________

A

obliquely

53
Q

Smooth muscle is not under _______________ control and its fibers typically lack well-defined neuromuscular junctions. Stimulations by the ANS is propagated to more distant fibers via gap junctions that allow all of the smooth muscle cells to contract synchronously

A

voluntary

54
Q

Where is neural tissue found?

A

in the nervous system (PNS/CNS)

55
Q

Neurons are electrically excitable as they have a _________________ potential

A

transmembrane

56
Q

Impulses or information travels through neural tissue as….

A

action potentials

57
Q

Only __________ transmit action potentials, but _______ maintain the environment

A

neurons, glia

58
Q

Neurons are describe functionally as:
1)
2)
3)

A

1) sensory
2) motor
3) interneurons

59
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

60
Q

What are the structural classifications for neurons?

test q (be able to identify each one with picture)

A

-multipolar (generic neuron)
-bipolar
-pseudounipolar
-anaxonic

61
Q

What part of the neuron decides if an impulse will be sent or not?

A

axon hillock

62
Q

what are teledondria?

A

extensions on axon terminal

63
Q

What is another name for axon terminal?

A

synaptic terminal

64
Q

Where are synaptic vesicles found?

A

at the synapse

65
Q

The cell body (also called the ________) contains the nucleus and most of the cell’s organelles and serves as the synthetic or trophic center for the entire neuron

A

soma

66
Q

Dendrites are the numerous elongated processes extending from the perikaryon and specialized to __________ stimuli from other neurons at unique sites called synapses

A

receive

67
Q

The axon is a single long process ending at a terminal and forming….

A

synapses

68
Q

What are axons specialized for?

A

to generate and conduct nerve impulses to other cells (nerves, muscles, gland cells, etc.)

69
Q

What increases speed on an axon?

A

myelin sheath!

70
Q

CNS axons are myelinated by…..

A

oligodendrocytes

71
Q

PNS axons are myelinated by….

A

schwann cells

72
Q

What are the exposed gaps between myelin sheaths called?

A

Nodes or node of ranvier

(an internode is covered in myelin sheath and then the gap between the next internode, is the node)

73
Q

At the end of the axon is an expansion where the axon terminal forms a…..

A

synapse

74
Q

T/F: synapses are multidirectional

A

FALSE- synapses are unidirectional

75
Q

What do you need to form neural tissue?

A

neurons and neuroglia/glial cells

76
Q

How many types of glia are there?

A

6 (4 in CNS, 2 in PNS)

77
Q

What is thought of a substitute for CT within neural tissue?

A

glial cells

78
Q

The fibrous intercellular network of CNS tissue superficially resembles collagen by light microscopy, but is actually the network of fine cellular processes emerging from neurons and glial cells. Such processes are collectively called the….

A

neuropil

79
Q

What are the neuroglia cells of the CNS?

test q!

A

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) ependymal cells
4) microglia

80
Q

What are the neuroglia cells of the PNS?

A

1) Schwann cells
2) satellite cells

81
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

-myelinate and insulate CNS axons
-allow faster AP propagation along axons in CNS

82
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

-hold synapses together
-forms part of the BBB
-regulates interstitial fluid composition

83
Q

What are the functions of the ependymal cell?

A

-lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
-assists in production and circulation of CSF

84
Q

What are the functions of a microglia?

A

-phagocytosis in CNS
-protects CNS by engulfing infectious agents and other potential harmful substances

85
Q

What are the functions of the satellite cell in the NS?

A

protect/insulate cell bodies of PNS

86
Q

What are the functions of the schwann cell?

A

-surround and insulate PNS axons and myelinate those having large diameters
-allows for faster action potential propagation along an axon in the PNS

87
Q

Are nerves large or small?

A

large!

88
Q

Peripheral nerves are bundles of _______ with CT and blood vessels. They carry sensory information into the CNS and motor commands out of CNS.

A

axons

89
Q

in or out?

sensory= ?
motor= ?

A

sensory= in
motor= out

90
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs of nerves

91
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs of nerves, and 4 plexuses

92
Q

A nerve is a structure only found in the….

A

PNS

93
Q

Like skeletal muscle, each nerve is organized into ___________ and wrapped

A

fascicles

94
Q

What fibers carry information from internal body regions and the environment to the CNS?

A

afferent (sensory/in) fibers

95
Q

What fibers carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs?

A

efferent (motor/out) fibers

96
Q

Nerves possessing only sensory fibers are called sensory nerves, those composed of only fibers carrying impulses to the effectors are called…..

A

motor nerves

97
Q

Most nerves have both sensory and motor fibers and are called __________ nerves, usually also with both myelinated and unmyelinated axons

A

mixed

Histology & Embryology (21 decks)

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