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Histology & Embryology > Digestive System (quiz 3) > Flashcards

Digestive System (quiz 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways to get out of the GI tract?

A

absorption or excretion

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2
Q

The digestive system consists of the digestive tract- oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and the anus- and its associated glands/structures are….

A

salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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3
Q

The inner layer of the entire digestive tract forms an important protective barrier between the content of the tract’s _________ and fluids of the body

A

lumen

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4
Q

The GI tract is a hollow tube with a lumen of variable diameter and a wall made up of 4 main layers. What are they?

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-serosa

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5
Q

The oral cavity is lined with which tissue?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

may be keratinized, partially keratinized, or nonkeratinized depending on the location

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6
Q

In the oral cavity, the keratinized cell layers resists damage from abrasion and are best developed in the…

A

masticatory mucosa on the gingiva (gum) and hard palate

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7
Q

In the oral cavity, the nonkeratinized squamous epithelium predominates in the lining mucosa over the….

A

soft palate, cheeks, the floor of the mouth, and the pharynx

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8
Q

In the oral cavity, the lining mucosa overlies a thick submucosa containing _________________ which secrete continuously to keep the mucosal surface wet and diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

salivary glands

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9
Q

The tongue is a mass of ____________ muscle covered by mucosa, which manipulates ingested material during mastication and swallowing. The muscle fibers are oriented in all directions, allowing a high level of mobility.

A

striated

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10
Q

What does glossus mean?

A

mechanically breakdown food (tongue and hard palate do this)

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11
Q

Taste buds are structures within the stratified epithelium on the tongue’s surface. A taste bud has 50-100 cells, about half of which are elongated ____________ cells/neurons

A

gustatory

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12
Q

What are papillae?

A

projections on the surface of the tongue that holds clusters of epithelial cells w/ neurons

the clusters are called taste buds which contain gustatory cells/neurons (the gustatory cells are receptors for neurons)

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13
Q

There are ______ permanent teeth, arranged in 2 bilaterally symmetric arches in the maxillary and mandibular bones

A

32 (these are secondary dentition)

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14
Q

Each tooth has a _________ exposed above the gingiva, a constricted __________ at the gum, and one or more ___________ that fit firmly into bony sockets in the jaws called dental alveoli

A

crown, neck, roots

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15
Q

The crown of a tooth is covered by a very hard acellular __________

A

enamel

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16
Q

The roots of a tooth are coated by a bone-like tissue called ____________

A

cementum

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17
Q

The enamel and cementum of the tooth meet where?

A

at the neck of the tooth

(enamel covers the crown, cementum covers the roots)

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18
Q

The bulk of a tooth is composed of calcified material called dentin which surrounds an internal….

A

pulp cavity (arteries and veins are here)

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19
Q

Dental pulp is highly vascular and consists largely of _____________________ CT

A

loose mesenchymal

(these are stem cells that help replace odontocytes)

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20
Q

Food mixed with saliva and is mechanically chewed up is called what?

A

bolus

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21
Q

The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports material from where to where?

A

from pharynx to the stomach

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22
Q

The esophageal mucosa has what type of tissue?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

In the esophagus, the submucosa contains small mucus-secreting glands called the _____________ glands which lubricate and protect the mucosa

A

esophageal

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24
Q

The upper 1/3 of the esophagus has a muscularis layer that is exclusively skeletal muscle. Why?

A

voluntary control for swallowing and vomiting

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25
Q

What tissue is found at the middle portion of the esophagus?

A

combination of skeletal and smooth muscle fibers

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26
Q

What tissue is found at the lower 1/3 of the esophagus, muscularis layer?

A

exclusively smooth muscle

27
Q

The distal 1-2cm of the esophagus is covered by serosa, the rest is enclosed by the loose CT of the……

A

adventitia

28
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

A

-an epithelial lining
-an underlying lamina propria of loose CT rich in blood vessels
-lymphatics, lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells, small glands
-thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae separating the mucosa from the submucosa and allowing local movements of the mucosa

29
Q

What is another name for the mucosa?

A

mucous membrane

30
Q

The submucosa contains denser CT with larger blood and lymph vessels than the mucosa. The submucosal layer also contains a _______________ plexus of autonomic nerves, glands, and significant lymphoid tissue

A

Meissner

31
Q

The thick muscularis or muscularis externa, is composed of smooth muscle cells organized as _____ sublayers. The internal sublayer (closer to the lumen) has a fiber orientation that is generally circular, and the external sublayer is longitudinal. The CT between the muscle sublayers contains blood and lymph vessels, and the _____________________ nerve plexus. Contractions of the muscularis, which mix and propel the luminal contents forwards, are generated and coordinated by the myenteric plexus

A

2+, myenteric (Auerbach)

32
Q

The serosa is a thin sheet of loose CT that is rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, and adipose tissue. It is covered with a simple squamous covering epithelium or _______________.

A

mesothelium

33
Q

What layer is this?

It is the outermost layer of the digestive tract located within the abdominal cavity

A

serosa

34
Q

The serosa of the small and large intestines is continuous with portions of the ____________, which is a large fold of adipose CT covered on both sides by mesothelium that suspends the intestines

A

mesentery

35
Q

What tissue is found in the esophagus compared to the stomach?

A

esophagus = stratified squamous

stomach = simple columnar

36
Q

The stomach is a greatly dilated segment of the digestive tract. It is made up of 4 major regions. What are they?

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus

37
Q

What part of the stomach is this?

narrow transitional zone between the esophagus and the stomach

A

cardia

38
Q

What part of the stomach is this?

funnel-shaped region that opens into the small intestine

A

pylorus

39
Q

What 2 regions of the stomach are primarily involved with mucus production and are histologically similar?

A

cardia and pylorus

40
Q

What 2 regions of the stomach are identical in microscopic structure and are the sites of gastric glands releasing acidic gastric juice?

A

fundus and body

41
Q

The mucosa and the submucosa of the empty stomach have large, longitudinally directed folds called _________, which flatten when the stomach fills with food

A

rugae (not seen when stomach is full)

42
Q

At the esophagogastric junction, stratified squamous epithelium lining the esophagus is abruptly replaced by….

A

simple columnar epithelium

43
Q

The mucosa of the stomach wall contains invaginations called gastric pits that lead into ____________. These structures are lined by simple columnar epithelium containing 5 functional cell types

A

gastric glands

44
Q

What is chyme?

A

once bolus but has been converted to liquid form in the stomach

45
Q

What cells are found within the fundus and body regions of the stomach (gastric pit > gastric gland)?

A

-mucus cells
-parietal cells
-chief cells
-endocrine cells

46
Q

Where are the mucus cells found?

A

at the top of the gastric pits (within the fundus and body regions of the stomach)

47
Q

What do mucus cells do?

A

release mucus through exocytosis and line the stomach

the mucus protects the stomach from its own acid

48
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

secrete HCI (low pH will unfold protein and denture it in the stomach)

49
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

release pepsinogens (hits HCI and then becomes pepsin to breakdown proteins within the stomach

50
Q

What do endocrine cells do?

A

release hormones/chemical messengers into the stomach

51
Q

The muscularis has 3 layers within the stomach. What are they?

A

-outer longitudinal layer
-middle circular layer
-innermost oblique layer

(these layers are used for rhythmic contractions to mix ingested food (bolus) and chyme with mucus, HCI, and digestive enzymes)

52
Q

What is the small intestine designed for?

A

absorption and get in as many nutrients as possible

53
Q

The small intestine is where nutrients (products of digestion) are absorbed by cells of the…..

A

epithelial lining

54
Q

What are the segments of the small intestines?

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

these 3 segments are similar in histological features

55
Q

The lining of the small intestine has permanent circular or semilunar folds called __________________, consisting of mucosa and submucosa. Covering the entire mucosa are short villi that project into the lumen. The villi are covered by a simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

A

pilcae circulares (pleated to increase SA)

56
Q

What organs empty its contents into the small intestine?

A

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

57
Q

The pancreas releases how many enzymes into the small intestine? For what?

A

4 enzymes to breakdown carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

58
Q

What does the gallbladder release into the small intestine?

A

bile (detergent to emulsify fats)

59
Q

What is the largest internal/visceral organ?

A

liver

60
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

2 major lobes (L and R) and 2 smaller inferior lobes

61
Q

Which organ is the major interface between the digestive system and the blood?

A

liver

(nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are processed in the liver before distribution throughout the body)

62
Q

What are the key cells of the liver and the most functionally diverse cells of the body?

A

hepatocytes (large cuboidal or polyhedral epithelial cells, with large, round central nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm rich in mitochondria)

63
Q

The liver parenchyma is organized as thousands of small lobules in which hepatocytes form hundreds of irregular plates arranged radially around a small central vein. Peripherally, each lobule has 6 portal areas each of which contains 3 structures that form the….

A

portal triad

Histology & Embryology (21 decks)

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