Cardiovascular System (quiz 3)

Question 1

The main function of blood vessels is to transport blood and control flow/diameter. What does this mean and how is it done?

Answer 1

-changes BP to regulate blood flow
-smaller diameter= less blood flow
-larger diameter= more blood flow
-blood flow is controlled by the ANS

Question 2

Does blood follow a pressure gradient?

Answer 2

yes! happens mostly in small vessels and blood will only go from high pressure to low pressure

Question 3

What texture is the lining in blood vessels?

Answer 3

smooth

Question 4

Walls of both arteries and veins have 3 tunics. What are they?

Answer 4

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa (also called adventitia)

Question 5

The innermost tunica, tunica intima consists of the endothelium (simple squamous epithelia) and a thin sub-endothelial layer of _______________ tissue (sometimes containing smooth muscle fibers)

Answer 5

loose CT

Question 6

In arteries, the tunica intima includes a thin layer, the ______________________, composed of elastin

Answer 6

internal elastic lamina (near basal lamina)

Question 7

The tunica media, the middle layer, consists chiefly of concentric layers of helically arranged _______________ cells. In arteries, the media may also have an external elastic lamina separating it from the outermost tunica

Answer 7

smooth muscle

Question 8

The outer adventitia, or tunica externa, is connective tissue consisting principally of….

Answer 8

type I collagen fibers and elastic fibers (allow tunica externa to recoil/distend)

Question 9

The adventitia/tunica externa is ______________ with and bound to the stroma of the organs through which the blood vessel runs

Answer 9

continuous

Question 10

Large vessels usually have vasa vasorum (“vessels of the vessel”): ____________, _________________, and ____________ in the adventitia/tunica externa and outer part of the tunia media. Blood in the lumen does not supply the tunics alone. The adventitia of larger vessels also contains a network of unmyelinated autonomic nerve fibers

Answer 10

arterioles, capillaries, venules

Question 11

The aorta is what type of artery?

Answer 11

elastic artery

Question 12

List the arteries, capillaries, and veins in order of flow

Answer 12

-elastic a. (aorta)
-muscular a.
-arteriole
-continuous capillary
-fenestrated capillary
-venule
-mid-sized and large sized vein

Question 13

Which artery branches off of elastic artery?

Answer 13

muscular artery

Question 14

What tissue is the muscular artery made up of?

Answer 14

smooth muscle

Question 15

What is another name for the muscular arteries?

Answer 15

distribution arteries (helps distribute blood)

Question 16

What is the arteriole missing compared to other blood vessels?

Answer 16

missing the outer tunica layer- tunica externa

Question 17

Which blood vessel is the “first within the target”?

Answer 17

the arteriole (found within femur, kidney, deltoid, tibia, etc)

Question 18

What are the smallest blood vessels?

Answer 18

capillaries (this is why they exist in capillary beds, so theres multiple little ones near each other)

Question 19

What is feeding and draining the capillary beds?

Answer 19

1 artery feeds cap bed, 1 vein drains it

Question 20

What are the exchange vessels working with concentration gradients?

Answer 20

capillaries

Question 21

The capillaries contain endothelial cells, which means it is made of up ___________________ tissue

Answer 21

simple squamous

Question 22

Where do fenestrated capillaries drain into?

Answer 22

the smallest vein vessel, aka the venule

Question 23

Who is the first to receive blood from capillaries?

Answer 23

venules

Question 24

What is the venule missing compared to other blood vessels?

Answer 24

missing the tunica media (smooth muscle layer)

Question 25

What blood vessels unite/fuse with neighbors?

Answer 25

venules> mid-size veins> large size veins

Question 26

What do blood vessels require to constrict/dilate?

Answer 26

tunica media So: -arteries can constrict/dilate -arteriole can -capillaries cannot -venule cannot -veins can

Question 27

Elastic arteries are the aorta, ___________________, and their largest branches.

Answer 27

pulmonary artery

Question 28

What is another name for elastic arteries?

Answer 28

conducting arteries (bc their major role is to carry blood to smaller arteries)

Question 29

Elastic arteries have a _________ tunica media in which elastic lamellae alternate with layers of smooth muscle fibers. Between the tunica intima and the tunica media is the ___________________

Answer 29

thick, internal elastic lamina

Question 30

____________ arteries, also called distributing arteries, distribute blood to the organs and help regulate blood pressure by contracting or relaxing smooth muscle in the tunica media

Answer 30

Muscular

Question 31

In muscular arteries, the tunica media may contain up to _____ layers of large smooth muscle cells interspersed with a variable number of elastic lamellae. The external CT contains lymphatic capillaries, vasa vasorum, and nerves, all of which may penetrate to the outer part of the ______________

Answer 31

40, tunica media

Question 32

With distance from the heart, arteries gradually have relatively less __________ and more ________________ in their walls

Answer 32

elastin, smooth muscle

Question 33

Most arteries, large enough to have names are of the ______________ type

Answer 33

muscular

Question 34

Muscular arteries are _____________ arteries

Answer 34

efferent (away from heart)

Question 35

Muscular arteries branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller arteries, until reaching a size with 3/4 layers of _________________ muscle.

Answer 35

medial smooth

Question 36

The smallest arteries branch as....

Answer 36

arterioles

Question 37

How many layers do arterioles have of smooth muscle?

Answer 37

1-2 layers (has no external layer, are very thin)

Question 38

What blood vessel is the beginning of an organs microvasculature?

Answer 38

arterioles

Question 39

Arterioles branch to form anastomosing networks of capillaries that surround the ________________ cells of the organ

Answer 39

parenchymal

Question 40

At the ends of arteries, smooth muscle fibers act as sphincters (________________) and produce periodic blood flow into capillaries

Answer 40

pre-capillary sphincter

Question 41

Capillary beds are supplied by _____________ and drain into ____________

Answer 41

arterioles, venules

Question 42

What does red represent?

Answer 42

oxygenated blood

Question 43

What does blue represent?

Answer 43

de-oxygenated blood

Question 44

Do capillaries exchange in both directions?

Answer 44

yes!

Question 45

The right and left ventricles propel blood to the ______________ and _______________ circuits

Answer 45

pulmonary and systemic

Question 46

What part of the heart receives blood?

Answer 46

right and left atria

Question 47

The walls of all 4 heart chambers consist of 3 major layers. What are they?

Answer 47

1) internal endocardium 2) middle myocardium (cardiac muscle layer, not uniform- varying thickness (LV is thickest)) 3) external epicardium (2 layers that form cavity for heart to sit in, same as viscera)

Question 48

How much muscle you have in the heart depends on what?

Answer 48

how much pressure you have to generate LV has the thickest muscle RV is second thickest atriums are thinner

Question 49

What is the endocardium lined with?

Answer 49

endothelium (simple squamous epithelia)

Question 50

What does the endocardium consist of?

Answer 50

-endothelium lining (simple squamous) -supporting layer of fibroelastic CT w/ scattered fibers of smooth muscle -a deeper layer of CT (continuous w/ that of the myocardium and often called the sub-endocardial layer) -modified cardiac muscle fibers that are the conducting system

Question 51

The myocardium consists mainly of typically contractile cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally around each heart chamber. The myocardium is much thicker in the wall of the _______________ than the _____________

Answer 51

ventricles, atria

Question 52

The epicardium is a simple squamous _________________ supported by a layer of loose CT containing blood vessels and nerves

Answer 52

mesothelium

Question 53

The epicardium corresponds to the ____________ layer of the ________________, the membrane surrounding the heart

Answer 53

visceral, pericardium

Question 54

During heart movements, underlying structures are cushioned by deposits of _____________ tissue in the epicardium

Answer 54

adipose

Question 55

Friction within the pericardium is prevented by lubricant fluid produced by both layers of serous mesothelial cells. What is this fluid called?

Answer 55

pericardial fluid

Question 56

In both the sub-endocardial layer and the adjacent myocardium, modified cardiac muscle cells make up the _____________________ system of the heart

Answer 56

impulse conducting

Question 57

The conducting cells of the heart are specialized to do what?

Answer 57

to generate and conduct waves of depolarization this stimulates rhythmic contractions in adjacent myocardial fibers The system consists of 2 nodes of specialized myocardial tissue in the R atrial wall- the sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker) and the atrioventricular (AV) node, from which the AV bundle emerges

Question 58

Blood does not have protein fibers, just proteins. Why?

Answer 58

otherwise it would be too viscous this is bad because blood is a FLUID CT

Question 59

What are the specialized cells of blood called? What is the fluid matrix called?

Answer 59

formed elements, plasma

Question 60

What are the specific types of leukocytes?

Answer 60

-neutrophils -eosinophils -monocytes -lymphocytes -basophils

Question 61

A tube of blood after centrifugation has nearly half of its volume represented by erythrocytes in the bottom half of the tube, a volume called the....

Answer 61

hematocrit

Question 62

A tube of blood after centrifugation has nearly half of its volume represented by erythrocytes in the bottom half of the tube, a volume called the hematocrit. Between the sedimented erythrocytes and the supernatant light-colored plasma is a thin layer of leukocytes and platelets called the....

Answer 62

buffy coat

Question 63

The straw-colored, translucent, slightly viscous supernatant comprising 55% at the top half of the centrifugation tube is the plasma. Plasma is an aqueous solution containing substances of low or high molecular weight. What plasmas pH?

Answer 63

7.4 (the average is 7.35) if plasma is higher than 7.4 or lower than 7.35 this is bad!!!

Question 64

The straw-colored, translucent, slightly viscous supernatant comprising 55% at the top half of the centrifugation tube is the plasma. The dissolved components are mostly plasma proteins, but also include nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions collectively called....

Answer 64

electrolytes

Question 65

Which plasma protein is trapped in the blood vessels?

Answer 65

albumin

Question 66

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

Answer 66

albumin

Question 67

Where are all plasma proteins made besides immunoglobulins and complement proteins?

Answer 67

the liver

Question 68

What is the function of albumin (a plasma protein)?

Answer 68

maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

Question 69

What are the other names of globulins (a plasma protein)?

Answer 69

alpha and beta globulins

Question 70

What are the specific globulins (plasma protein) we discussed in class?

Answer 70

-transferrin -fibronectin -prothrombin -coagulation factors

Question 71

What does transferrin (a globulin/plasma protein) do?

Answer 71

transports iron around the body

Question 72

What are the other names for immunoglobulins?

Answer 72

antibodies or y-globulins

Question 73

Who secretes immunoglobulins?

Answer 73

plasma cells (leukocytes)

Question 74

What is the largest plasma protein?

Answer 74

fibrinogen

Question 75

Is fibrinogen soluble or insoluble?

Answer 75

soluble

Question 76

What does fibrinogen (a plasma protein) do?

Answer 76

during clotting, fibrinogen polymerizes into insoluble fibrin

Question 77

What do complement proteins (plasma proteins) do?

Answer 77

comprise a defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

Question 78

What part of the blood can be studied histologically in smears prepared by spreading a drop of blood in a thin layer on a microscopic slide? Note: the blood smears are routinely stained with mixtures of acidic (eosin) and basic (methylene blue) dyes

Answer 78

formed elements (erythrocytes and leukocytes)

Question 79

What blood cells DO NOT divide, repair themselves, or do not do protein synthesis?

Answer 79

erythrocytes

Question 80

Erythrocytes are terminally differentiated structures lacking nuclei and are completely filled with the oxygen carrying protein _____________

Answer 80

hemoglobin

Question 81

What blood cells are the only ones that do not leave blood vessels?

Answer 81

RBCs

Question 82

RBCs are flexible biconcave disces. What is the purpose of this?

Answer 82

for flexibility and SA, will help get through small BV

Question 83

What are stacked RBCs called?

Answer 83

rouleaux

Question 84

What blood cells can migrate from blood vessels to tissues?

Answer 84

WBCs

Question 85

What are the 2 categories of leukocytes?

Answer 85

granulocytes and agranulocytes (based on the density of their cytoplasmic granules)

Question 86

WBCs are spherical while suspended in blood plasma but they become ____________ and _________ after leaving the blood vessels and invading the tissues

Answer 86

amoeboid, motile

Question 87

Which leukocytes are the first ones to show up to an inflammation site or infection?

Answer 87

neutrophils

Question 88

Which leukocytes are the most numerous?

Answer 88

neutrophils (and numerous nuclei!)

Question 89

Are neutrophils specific or nonspecific?

Answer 89

nonspecific

Question 90

What do neutrophils do?

Answer 90

phagocytosis

Question 91

What do eosinophils do?

Answer 91

destroy extracellular pathogens- best known for parasites/helminth

Question 92

Which leukocyte stains red?

Answer 92

eosinophil

Question 93

Which leukocyte stains dark purple/black?

Answer 93

basophil

Question 94

Which leukocyte is less than 1% of blood (least numerous)?

Answer 94

basophil

Question 95

Which leukocytes can do widespread effects within local tissues?

Answer 95

basophil

Question 96

Which leukocyte is massive?

Answer 96

monocyte (also, "m" for munching like a pacman)

Question 97

Which leukocyte hides in CT?

Answer 97

lymphocyte

Question 98

Which leukocyte is little and appears like its just the nucleus present, with very little cytoplasm?

Answer 98

lymphocytes

Question 99

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes (a leukocyte)?

Answer 99

B cells and T cells

Question 100

Which leukocyte is specific?

Answer 100

lymphocytes (B and T cells)

Question 101

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?

Answer 101

-eosinophil -neutrophil -basophil

Question 102

Which leukocytes are agranulocytes?

Answer 102

-lymphocytes -monocytes

Question 103

Which blood cells function in gas exchange?

Answer 103

RBCs

Question 104

Anemia is the condition of having a concentration of erythrocytes ________ the normal range. With fewer RBCs, tissues are unable to recieve adequate __________

Answer 104

below, oxygen

Question 105

What are the symptoms of anemia?

Answer 105

-lethargy -SOB -fatigue -skin pallor -heart palpation

Question 106

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a homozygous mutation causing _____ amino acid substitution in a hemoglobin, which renders the mature RBCs deformed and slightly rigid (hemoglobin not folded properly)

Answer 106

an (1) (this will starve distal tissues of oxygen, the blood cells can get stuck and will cause symptoms of pain)

Question 107

What is polycythemia?

Answer 107

-increased concentration of RBCs in blood (too many/thick RBCs) -elevated hematocrit increases blood viscosity, putting strain on heart

Question 108

polycythemia is a physiologic adaptation for who?

Answer 108

individuals who live at high altitudes where oxygen tension is low also athletes go to high altitude before a big game or tournament to increase their RBCs naturally to perform better

Question 109

What is the RBC protein that helps make RBCs?

Answer 109

erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 110

Blood platelets (or thrombocytes) are very small non-nucleated, membrane-bound cell fragments that are formed by....

Answer 110

megakaryocytes (from HSCs)

Question 111

Platelets promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears or leaks in the walls of small blood vessels, preventing loss of blood from the microvasculature. How are they able to accomplish this?

Answer 111

by sticking really well

Question 112

What is the lifespan of platelets?

Answer 112

10 days

Question 113

Where do platelets hide until needed?

Answer 113

in the spleen